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Abstract：
This systematic review presented a comprehensive survey of studies that applied transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial electrical stimulation to parietal and nonparietal areas to examine the neural basis of symbolic arithmetic processing. All findings were compiled with regard to the three assumptions of the triple-code model (TCM) of number processing. Thirty-seven eligible manuscripts were identified for review (33 with healthy participants and 4 with patients). Their results are broadly consistent with the first assumption of the TCM that intraparietal sulcus both hold a magnitude code and engage in operations requiring numerical manipulations such as subtraction. However, largely heterogeneous results conflicted with the second assumption of the TCM that the left angular gyrus subserves arithmetic fact retrieval, such as the retrieval of rote-learned multiplication results. Support is also limited for the third assumption of the TCM, namely, that the posterior superior parietal lobule engages in spatial operations on the mental number line. Furthermore, results from the stimulation of brain areas outside of those postulated by the TCM show that the bilateral supramarginal gyrus is involved in online calculation and retrieval, the left temporal cortex in retrieval, and the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cerebellum in online calculation of cognitively demanding arithmetic problems. The overall results indicate that multiple cortical areas subserve arithmetic skills.
摘要：
本系统综述对将经颅磁刺激和经颅电刺激应用于顶叶和非顶叶区域以检查符号算术处理的神经基础的研究进行了全面调查。所有发现都是根据数字处理的三重代码模型（TCM）的三个假设进行的。确定了37份合格的手稿进行审查（33份健康参与者和4份患者）。他们的结果与TCM的第一个假设基本一致，即顶内沟既具有幅度代码，又从事需要数字操作的操作，例如减法。然而,在很大程度上异质的结果与中医的第二个假设相冲突，即左角回服从算术事实检索，如检索死记硬背的乘法结果。对中医第三个假设的支持也是有限的，即,后上顶叶小叶在精神数字线上进行空间操作。此外，来自中医假设以外的大脑区域的刺激结果表明，双侧上脑回参与在线计算和检索，左颞叶皮层在检索中，以及双侧背外侧前额叶皮层和小脑在在线计算中的认知要求很高的算术问题。总体结果表明，多个皮质区域都符合算术技能。
