PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Rice fallow black gram is grown under the residual moisture situation as a relay crop in heavy texture montmorillonite clay soil under zero till condition. Since the crop is raised during post monsoon season, the crop often experiences terminal stress due to limited water availability and no rainfall. Surface irrigation in montmorillonite clay soil is determent to pulse crop as inundation causes wilting. Therefore, zero tilled rice fallow black gram has to be supplemented with micro irrigation at flowering stage (35 days after sowing) to alleviate moisture stress and to increase the productivity as well. Hence micro farm pond in a corner of one ha field was created to harvest the rain water during monsoon season and the same was utilized to supplement the crop with lifesaving irrigation through mobile sprinkler at flowering stage for the crop grown under conservation agriculture. Soil cracking is also the common phenomena of montmorillonite clay soil where evaporations losses would be more through crack surfaces. The present study was therefore conducted to study the changes in the soil physical properties, crop establishment and productivity in conjunction with mechanized sowing and harvest and supplemental mobile sprinkler irrigation. Sowing of black gram by broadcasting 10 days prior to the manual harvest of rice, manual drawn single row seed drill after the machine harvest of rice and sowing by broadcasting at 4 days prior to machine harvest of rice was experimented separately and in combination with lifesaving irrigation. Results indicated that the number of wheel passes and lifesaving irrigation had a very strong impact on soil penetration resistance and soil moisture. Combined harvester followed by no till seed drill increased the soil penetration resistance in all the layers (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-15 cm). Two passes of wheel increased the mean soil penetration resistance from 407 KPa to 502 KPa. The soil penetration resistance (0-5 cm) at harvest shown that black gram sown by manual broadcasting 10 days prior to manual harvest of paddy supplemented with life irrigation on 30 DAS reduced the soil penetration resistance from 690 Kpa to 500 Kpa, 740 Kpa to 600 Kpa and 760 Kpa to 620 Kpa respectively at 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-15 cm layer. In general, moisture depletion rate was rapid in the surface layer of 0-5 cm as compared to other layers of 5-10 cm and 10-15 cm up to 30 DAS (Flowering stage). The moisture content and the soil penetration resistance had an inverse relationship. The soil penetration resistance also had an inverse relationship with the root length in which the root length lowers as the soil penetration resistance increases. The soil crack measured at 60 DAS was deeper with no till seed drill (width of 3.94 cm and depth of 13.67 cm) which was mainly due to surface layer compaction. The relative water content, specific leaf weight and chlorophyll content were significantly improved through the supplemental irrigation given on 30 DAS irrespective of crop establishment methods. The results further indicated that compaction of ploughed layer in the moist soil due to combined harvester and no till seed drill had a negative impact on yield (457 kg ha-1), which was improved by 19.03 per cent due to increased soil moisture with supplemental irrigation. The mean yield increase across different treatments due to supplemental lifesaving irrigation through mobile sprinkler was 20.4 per cent.
摘要：
水稻休耕黑克是在零耕作条件下在重质地蒙脱石粘土土壤中作为中继作物在残留水分情况下生长的。由于作物是在季风后季节种植的，由于有限的水供应和没有降雨，作物经常经历最终压力。蒙脱石粘土土壤中的地面灌溉对豆类作物具有抑制作用，因为淹没会导致枯萎。因此,零耕种水稻休耕黑克必须在开花期（播种后35天）补充微灌，以减轻水分胁迫并提高生产率。因此，在一个公顷田地的一角创建了微型农场池塘，以在季风季节收获雨水，并在开花期通过移动式洒水器对保护性农业下种植的作物进行救生灌溉。土壤开裂也是蒙脱石黏土的常见现象，其中蒸发损失将更多地通过裂缝表面。因此，本研究旨在研究土壤物理性质的变化，与机械化播种和收获以及补充移动喷灌相结合的作物建立和生产力。在手工收获水稻前10天通过广播播种黑克，在水稻机收后手动绘制单行播种机，并在水稻机收前4天通过广播播种，分别进行了试验，并与救生灌溉相结合。结果表明，车轮通过次数和救生灌溉对土壤渗透阻力和土壤水分有很大影响。联合收割机，然后不播种，增加了所有层的土壤渗透阻力（0-5厘米，5-10厘米和10-15厘米）。两次通过车轮将平均土壤渗透阻力从407KPa增加到502KPa。收获时的土壤渗透阻力（0-5厘米）表明，在30DAS上补充生命灌溉的稻田人工收获前10天，通过人工广播播种的黑克将土壤渗透阻力从690Kpa降低到500Kpa，在0-5厘米时，分别为740Kpa至600Kpa和760Kpa至620Kpa，5-10厘米和10-15厘米层。总的来说,与5-10cm和10-15cm至30DAS（开花阶段）的其他层相比，0-5cm的表面层的水分消耗速率很快。水分含量与土壤渗透阻力呈反比关系。土壤渗透阻力也与根长成反比，其中根长随着土壤渗透阻力的增加而降低。在60DAS下测得的土壤裂缝更深，没有播种（宽度为3.94cm，深度为13.67cm），这主要是由于表层压实。相对含水量,通过在30DAS上进行的补充灌溉，无论作物建立方法如何，比叶重和叶绿素含量都显着提高。结果进一步表明，由于联合收割机和无耕种播种机，潮湿土壤中耕层的压实对产量（457kgha-1）有负面影响，由于补充灌溉增加了土壤水分，这一比例提高了19.03%。由于通过移动喷头进行补充救生灌溉，不同处理的平均产量增加了20.4％。
