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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: This study investigated the association between child abuse [child neglect (CN), emotional (CEA) and physical abuse (CPA)] and early puberty with special regard to sex-specific effects concerning child and parental perpetrator.
METHODS: Data assessment took place within the framework of the LIFE Child Depression study, a longitudinal study on the development of depressive symptoms and disorders between child- and adulthood in Leipzig, Germany. A sample of 709 children (8-14 years) was recruited from the general population and via psychiatric hospitals. Data on pubertal status were assessed using an instrument for self-assessment of tanner stages (scales of physical pubertal development). Information on menarche was provided by parents. The Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS-PC) served for data on child abuse.
RESULTS: Regarding physical puberty markers, significant correlations were found, especially with child neglect (CN) and child emotional abuse (CEA). Regression analyses, controlling for Body-Mass-Index (BMI) and Socioeconomic Status (SES), revealed that children affected by child neglect perpetrated by mother (CNm) and child emotional abuse (CEA) parent-non-specifically enter puberty significantly earlier. Sex-specific analyses identified child neglect perpetrated by mother (CNm) to be associated with early puberty in girls and child emotional abuse perpetrated by father (CEAf) with early puberty in boys. Concerning the onset of menstruation, there was a significant positive correlation between early menarche and parent-specific and non-specific child neglect (CN), as well as between early menarche and child emotional abuse perpetrated by the mother (CEAm). In regression models that controlled for Body-Mass-Index (BMI) and Socioeconomic Status (SES) no significant associations were maintained. Child physical abuse (CPA) was not associated with early puberty.
CONCLUSIONS: Results outlined child neglect (CN) and child emotional abuse (CEA) to be sex- and perpetrator-specific risk factors for early pubertal development. Knowledge of sex- and perpetrator-specific effects could help clinicians to specify their diagnostic process and to define differential prevention and treatment goals for children with experiences of CN and CEA. Further research on the sex-specific impact of parental CN and CEA on girls\' and boys\' puberty is needed.
METHODS: Data assessment took place within the framework of the LIFE Child Depression study, a longitudinal study on the development of depressive symptoms and disorders between child- and adulthood in Leipzig, Germany. A sample of 709 children (8-14 years) was recruited from the general population and via psychiatric hospitals. Data on pubertal status were assessed using an instrument for self-assessment of tanner stages (scales of physical pubertal development). Information on menarche was provided by parents. The Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS-PC) served for data on child abuse.
RESULTS: Regarding physical puberty markers, significant correlations were found, especially with child neglect (CN) and child emotional abuse (CEA). Regression analyses, controlling for Body-Mass-Index (BMI) and Socioeconomic Status (SES), revealed that children affected by child neglect perpetrated by mother (CNm) and child emotional abuse (CEA) parent-non-specifically enter puberty significantly earlier. Sex-specific analyses identified child neglect perpetrated by mother (CNm) to be associated with early puberty in girls and child emotional abuse perpetrated by father (CEAf) with early puberty in boys. Concerning the onset of menstruation, there was a significant positive correlation between early menarche and parent-specific and non-specific child neglect (CN), as well as between early menarche and child emotional abuse perpetrated by the mother (CEAm). In regression models that controlled for Body-Mass-Index (BMI) and Socioeconomic Status (SES) no significant associations were maintained. Child physical abuse (CPA) was not associated with early puberty.
CONCLUSIONS: Results outlined child neglect (CN) and child emotional abuse (CEA) to be sex- and perpetrator-specific risk factors for early pubertal development. Knowledge of sex- and perpetrator-specific effects could help clinicians to specify their diagnostic process and to define differential prevention and treatment goals for children with experiences of CN and CEA. Further research on the sex-specific impact of parental CN and CEA on girls\' and boys\' puberty is needed.
摘要：
背景：这项研究调查了虐待儿童[儿童忽视（CN），情感（CEA）和身体虐待（CPA）]和青春期早期，特别注意有关儿童和父母犯罪者的性别特定影响。
方法：数据评估是在LIFE儿童抑郁症研究的框架内进行的，一项关于莱比锡儿童和成年期抑郁症状和疾病发展的纵向研究，德国。从普通人群和精神病医院招募了709名儿童（8-14岁）的样本。使用一种用于制革阶段自我评估的工具（身体青春期发育的量表）评估青春期状态的数据。有关初潮的信息由父母提供。亲子冲突策略量表（CTS-PC）用于获取有关虐待儿童的数据。
结果：关于身体青春期标志，发现了显著的相关性，特别是儿童忽视(CN)和儿童情感虐待(CEA)。回归分析，控制身体质量指数(BMI)和社会经济地位(SES)，揭示了受母亲（CNm）和非父母儿童情感虐待（CEA）影响的儿童明显更早进入青春期。针对性别的分析确定，母亲（CNm）对儿童的忽视与女孩的青春期早期有关，父亲（CEAf）对儿童的情感虐待与男孩的青春期早期有关。关于月经的开始，初潮早期与父母特异性和非特异性儿童忽视（CN）之间存在显着正相关，以及在初潮早期和母亲（CEAm）实施的儿童情感虐待之间。在控制体重指数（BMI）和社会经济状况（SES）的回归模型中，没有维持显着关联。儿童身体虐待（CPA）与青春期早期无关。
结论：结果概述了儿童忽视（CN）和儿童情感虐待（CEA）是青春期早期发育的性别和犯罪者特异性风险因素。了解性别和犯罪者的特定影响可以帮助临床医生指定其诊断过程，并为有CN和CEA经验的儿童确定不同的预防和治疗目标。需要进一步研究父母CN和CEA对女孩和男孩青春期的性别特异性影响。
方法：数据评估是在LIFE儿童抑郁症研究的框架内进行的，一项关于莱比锡儿童和成年期抑郁症状和疾病发展的纵向研究，德国。从普通人群和精神病医院招募了709名儿童（8-14岁）的样本。使用一种用于制革阶段自我评估的工具（身体青春期发育的量表）评估青春期状态的数据。有关初潮的信息由父母提供。亲子冲突策略量表（CTS-PC）用于获取有关虐待儿童的数据。
结果：关于身体青春期标志，发现了显著的相关性，特别是儿童忽视(CN)和儿童情感虐待(CEA)。回归分析，控制身体质量指数(BMI)和社会经济地位(SES)，揭示了受母亲（CNm）和非父母儿童情感虐待（CEA）影响的儿童明显更早进入青春期。针对性别的分析确定，母亲（CNm）对儿童的忽视与女孩的青春期早期有关，父亲（CEAf）对儿童的情感虐待与男孩的青春期早期有关。关于月经的开始，初潮早期与父母特异性和非特异性儿童忽视（CN）之间存在显着正相关，以及在初潮早期和母亲（CEAm）实施的儿童情感虐待之间。在控制体重指数（BMI）和社会经济状况（SES）的回归模型中，没有维持显着关联。儿童身体虐待（CPA）与青春期早期无关。
结论：结果概述了儿童忽视（CN）和儿童情感虐待（CEA）是青春期早期发育的性别和犯罪者特异性风险因素。了解性别和犯罪者的特定影响可以帮助临床医生指定其诊断过程，并为有CN和CEA经验的儿童确定不同的预防和治疗目标。需要进一步研究父母CN和CEA对女孩和男孩青春期的性别特异性影响。
