Abstract：
Emperor Wu (, Wudi) of the Xianbei-led Northern Zhou dynasty, named Yuwen Yong (, 543-578 CE), was a highly influential emperor who reformed the system of regional troops, pacified the Turks, and unified the northern part of the country. His genetic profile and physical characteristics, including his appearance and potential diseases, have garnered significant interest from the academic community and the public. In this study, we have successfully generated a 0.343×-coverage genome of Wudi with 1,011,419 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the 1240k panel. By analyzing pigmentation-relevant SNPs and conducting cranial CT-based facial reconstruction, we have determined that Wudi possessed a typical East or Northeast Asian appearance. Furthermore, pathogenic SNPs suggest Wudi faced an increased susceptibility to certain diseases, such as stroke. Wudi shared the closest genetic relationship with ancient Khitan and Heishui Mohe samples and modern Daur and Mongolian populations but also showed additional affinity with Yellow River (YR) farmers. We estimated that Wudi derived 61% of his ancestry from ancient Northeast Asians (ANAs) and nearly one-third from YR farmer-related groups. This can likely be attributed to continuous intermarriage between Xianbei royal families, and local Han aristocrats.1,2 Furthermore, our study has revealed genetic diversities among available ancient Xianbei individuals from different regions, suggesting that the formation of the Xianbei was a dynamic process influenced by admixture with surrounding populations.
摘要：
武帝（，仙卑领导的北周武帝），名为YuwenYong（，543-578CE)，是一位极有影响力的皇帝，他改革了地区军队制度，安抚了土耳其人,统一了这个国家的北部。他的遗传特征和身体特征，包括他的外貌和潜在的疾病,引起了学术界和公众的极大兴趣。在这项研究中,我们已经成功地产生了一个0.343×覆盖的Wudi基因组，在1240k面板上具有1,011,419个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）。通过分析与色素沉着相关的单核苷酸多态性，并进行基于头颅CT的面部重建，我们已经确定武帝具有典型的东亚或东北亚外观。此外，致病性SNP表明无地面临着对某些疾病的易感性增加，如中风。Wudi与古代契丹和黑水漠河样本以及现代达斡尔族和蒙古族有着最紧密的遗传关系，但也与黄河（YR）农民表现出额外的亲和力。我们估计，Wudi的祖先中有61％来自古代东北亚人（ANA），近三分之一来自与YR农民相关的群体。这可能归因于鲜卑王室之间的持续通婚，和当地的汉族贵族。1,2此外，我们的研究揭示了不同地区可用的古代鲜卑个体之间的遗传多样性，这表明鲜卑的形成是一个受周围种群混合影响的动态过程。
