Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Adolescent depression shows high clinical heterogeneity. Brain functional networks serve as a powerful tool for investigating neural mechanisms underlying depression profiles. A key challenge is to characterize how variation in brain functional organization links to behavioral features and psychosocial environmental influences.
METHODS: We recruited 80 adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 42 healthy controls (HCs). First, we estimated the differences in functional connectivity of resting-state networks (RSN) between the two groups. Then, we used sparse canonical correlation analysis to characterize patterns of associations between RSN connectivity and symptoms, cognition, and psychosocial environmental factors in MDD adolescents. Clustering analysis was applied to stratify patients into homogenous subtypes according to these brain-behavior-environment associations.
RESULTS: MDD adolescents showed significantly hyperconnectivity between the ventral attention and cingulo-opercular networks compared with HCs. We identified one reliable pattern of covariation between RSN connectivity and clinical/environmental features in MDD adolescents. In this pattern, psychosocial factors, especially the interpersonal and family relationships, were major contributors to variation in connectivity of salience, cingulo-opercular, ventral attention, subcortical and somatosensory-motor networks. Based on this association, we categorized patients into two subgroups which showed different environment and symptoms characteristics, and distinct connectivity alterations. These differences were covered up when the patients were taken as a whole group.
CONCLUSIONS: This study identified the environmental exposures associated with specific functional networks in MDD youths. Our findings emphasize the importance of the psychosocial context in assessing brain function alterations in adolescent depression and have the potential to promote targeted treatment and precise prevention.
METHODS: We recruited 80 adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 42 healthy controls (HCs). First, we estimated the differences in functional connectivity of resting-state networks (RSN) between the two groups. Then, we used sparse canonical correlation analysis to characterize patterns of associations between RSN connectivity and symptoms, cognition, and psychosocial environmental factors in MDD adolescents. Clustering analysis was applied to stratify patients into homogenous subtypes according to these brain-behavior-environment associations.
RESULTS: MDD adolescents showed significantly hyperconnectivity between the ventral attention and cingulo-opercular networks compared with HCs. We identified one reliable pattern of covariation between RSN connectivity and clinical/environmental features in MDD adolescents. In this pattern, psychosocial factors, especially the interpersonal and family relationships, were major contributors to variation in connectivity of salience, cingulo-opercular, ventral attention, subcortical and somatosensory-motor networks. Based on this association, we categorized patients into two subgroups which showed different environment and symptoms characteristics, and distinct connectivity alterations. These differences were covered up when the patients were taken as a whole group.
CONCLUSIONS: This study identified the environmental exposures associated with specific functional networks in MDD youths. Our findings emphasize the importance of the psychosocial context in assessing brain function alterations in adolescent depression and have the potential to promote targeted treatment and precise prevention.
摘要：
背景：青少年抑郁症表现出高度的临床异质性。脑功能网络是研究抑郁症特征的神经机制的强大工具。一个关键的挑战是表征大脑功能组织的变化如何与行为特征和心理社会环境影响相关联。
方法：我们招募了80名患有重度抑郁症（MDD）的青少年和42名健康对照（HCs）。首先,我们估计了两组间静息态网络(RSN)功能连接的差异.然后，我们使用稀疏典型相关分析来表征RSN连通性和症状之间的关联模式，认知，青少年MDD的社会心理环境因素。根据这些大脑-行为-环境关联，应用聚类分析将患者分为同质亚型。
结果：与HCs相比，MDD青少年在腹侧注意力和扣带-闭合网络之间显示出明显的超连通性。我们确定了青少年MDD中RSN连接与临床/环境特征之间的一种可靠的协变模式。在这个模式中,社会心理因素,尤其是人际关系和家庭关系，是显著性连通性变化的主要原因，Cingulo-opercular，腹侧注意力,皮层下和体感运动网络。基于这种关联，我们将患者分为两个亚组，它们表现出不同的环境和症状特征，和不同的连通性改变。当患者作为一个整体组时，这些差异被掩盖了。
结论：这项研究确定了与MDD青少年特定功能网络相关的环境暴露。我们的发现强调了社会心理背景在评估青少年抑郁症脑功能改变方面的重要性，并有可能促进针对性治疗和精确预防。
方法：我们招募了80名患有重度抑郁症（MDD）的青少年和42名健康对照（HCs）。首先,我们估计了两组间静息态网络(RSN)功能连接的差异.然后，我们使用稀疏典型相关分析来表征RSN连通性和症状之间的关联模式，认知，青少年MDD的社会心理环境因素。根据这些大脑-行为-环境关联，应用聚类分析将患者分为同质亚型。
结果：与HCs相比，MDD青少年在腹侧注意力和扣带-闭合网络之间显示出明显的超连通性。我们确定了青少年MDD中RSN连接与临床/环境特征之间的一种可靠的协变模式。在这个模式中,社会心理因素,尤其是人际关系和家庭关系，是显著性连通性变化的主要原因，Cingulo-opercular，腹侧注意力,皮层下和体感运动网络。基于这种关联，我们将患者分为两个亚组，它们表现出不同的环境和症状特征，和不同的连通性改变。当患者作为一个整体组时，这些差异被掩盖了。
结论：这项研究确定了与MDD青少年特定功能网络相关的环境暴露。我们的发现强调了社会心理背景在评估青少年抑郁症脑功能改变方面的重要性，并有可能促进针对性治疗和精确预防。
