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Abstract：
Background and objective Human teeth have a significant forensic importance. As they are the hardest of all human tissues, they are not just chemically stable but also their characteristics are maintained for a long time after death even in the most harsh environmental conditions. Despite the advances made in DNA analysis, fingerprinting, etc., ABO blood grouping still plays a significant role in the forensic practice in the field of personal identification, paternity disputes, and several other scenarios including the identification of mass disaster victims. The term blood groups refers to inherited antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) detected by specific antibodies. Since tooth pulp contains numerous blood vessels, blood group antigens are most certainly bound to be present in tooth pulp. Various studies have shown that blood group antigens in the pulp and dentin are preserved as long as up to two years after the demise of an individual. Absorption-elution technique has been proven to be the most sensitive, reliable, and consistent method to determine the ABO blood group from both the pulp and dentine. This study aimed to ascertain the ABO blood group from both the hard (dentin) as well as the soft tissue (pulp) of the tooth by using the absorption-elution (AE) technique and also to determine if there are any variations in identifying the blood groups from the teeth based on age and gender. Material and methods After obtaining due consent, we included patients of both genders aged between 16-60 years visiting the outpatient department (OPD) clinics at the College of Dentistry for periodontal or orthodontic extractions. One patient\'s blood type was determined by using the slide agglutination technique before any capillary blood extraction was performed; this patient served as a control. For this investigation, we used the pulp and powdered dentin samples taken from the dental extractions to test for the presence of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) factor antigens by using the AE method. The study samples were compared with the control for blood group determination. Statistical analysis was carried out using the chi-square test with Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to check for any correlation of blood grouping with age and gender. Results The dentin and pulp were shown to have positive blood group antigens for the ABO and Rh factors. While neither pulp nor dentin performed significantly differently in identifying the blood group antigens, pulp showed marginally higher accuracy. There was no discernible difference regarding gender or age in the dentin or pulp of any of the 45 samples studied. Conclusions For determining an individual\'s blood type and Rh factor, both the hard (dentin) and soft (pulp) tissues of a tooth are valid sources. This is particularly helpful in forensic medicine cases where teeth are the only remains that can be viably used to find out a person\'s identity.
摘要：
背景和目的人类牙齿具有重要的法医学意义。因为它们是所有人体组织中最坚硬的，它们不仅化学稳定，而且即使在最恶劣的环境条件下，它们的特性也能在死后长时间保持。尽管DNA分析取得了进展，指纹识别,等。,ABO血型鉴定在个人鉴定领域的法医实践中仍然发挥着重要作用，亲子关系纠纷,以及其他几种情况，包括识别大规模灾难受害者。术语血型是指通过特异性抗体检测的红细胞(RBC)表面上的遗传抗原。由于牙髓含有大量血管，血型抗原肯定存在于牙髓中。各种研究表明，牙髓和牙本质中的血型抗原在个体死亡后保留长达两年。吸收-洗脱技术已被证明是最敏感的，可靠,和一致的方法来确定从牙髓和牙本质的ABO血型。这项研究旨在通过使用吸收洗脱（AE）技术从牙齿的硬（牙本质）和软组织（牙髓）中确定ABO血型，并确定是否存在差异根据年龄和性别识别牙齿的血型。材料和方法在获得应有的同意后，我们纳入了在牙科学院门诊部(OPD)进行牙周或正畸摘除的年龄在16-60岁之间的两种性别患者.在进行任何毛细血管采血之前，通过使用载玻片凝集技术确定了一名患者的血型；该患者作为对照。为了这次调查,我们使用从牙齿提取物中提取的牙髓和粉状牙本质样品，通过AE方法测试ABO和恒河猴（Rh）因子抗原的存在。将研究样品与对照进行血型测定。使用卡方检验和蒙特卡洛（MC）模拟进行统计分析，以检查血型与年龄和性别的相关性。结果牙本质和牙髓显示ABO和Rh因子的血型抗原阳性。虽然牙髓和牙本质在识别血型抗原方面没有明显不同，纸浆显示略高的准确性。在所研究的45个样品中的任何一个的牙本质或牙髓中,关于性别或年龄没有可辨别的差异。结论为了确定个体的血型和Rh因子，牙齿的硬（牙本质）和软（牙髓）组织都是有效的来源。这在法医学案例中特别有用，在这些案例中，牙齿是唯一可以有效地用来找出一个人的身份的遗骸。
