Abstract：
New onset movement disorders are a common clinical problem in pediatric neurology and can be infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, or functional in origin. Encephalitis is one of the more important causes of new onset movement disorders, and movement disorders are a common feature (~25%) of all encephalitis. However, all encephalitides are not the same, and movement disorders are a key diagnostic feature that can help the clinician identify the etiology of the encephalitis, and therefore appropriate treatment is required. Movement disorders are a characteristic feature of autoimmune encephalitis such as anti-NMDAR encephalitis, herpes simplex virus encephalitis-induced autoimmune encephalitis, and basal ganglia encephalitis. Other rarer autoantibody-associated encephalitis syndromes with movement disorder associations include encephalitis associated with glycine receptor, DPPX, and neurexin-3 alpha autoantibodies. In addition, movement disorders can accompany acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with and without myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies. Extremely important infectious encephalitides that have characteristic movement disorder associations include Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, West Nile virus, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). This chapter discusses how specific movement disorder phenomenology can aid clinician diagnostic suspicion, such as stereotypy, perseveration, and catatonia in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, dystonia-Parkinsonism in basal ganglia encephalitis, and myoclonus in SSPE. In addition, the chapter discusses how the age of the patients can influence the movement disorder phenomenology, such as in anti-NMDAR encephalitis where chorea is typical in young children, even though catatonia and akinesia is more common in adolescents and adults.
摘要：
新发运动障碍是儿科神经病学中常见的临床问题，可能具有传染性，炎症，新陈代谢，或功能来源。脑炎是引起新发运动障碍的重要原因之一,运动障碍是所有脑炎的共同特征（约25％）。然而,所有的脑炎都不一样，运动障碍是一个关键的诊断特征，可以帮助临床医生确定脑炎的病因，因此需要适当的治疗。运动障碍是自身免疫性脑炎如抗NMDAR脑炎的特征，单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎诱导的自身免疫性脑炎,和基底神经节脑炎.与运动障碍相关的其他罕见的自身抗体相关脑炎综合征包括与甘氨酸受体相关的脑炎，DPPX,和Neurexin-3α自身抗体.此外,运动障碍可伴随急性播散性脑脊髓炎伴或不伴髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体。具有特征性运动障碍协会的非常重要的传染性脑炎包括日本脑炎，登革热,西尼罗河病毒,亚急性硬化性全脑炎（SSPE），和SARS-CoV-2（COVID-19）。本章讨论特定的运动障碍现象学如何帮助临床医生诊断怀疑，比如刻板印象，坚持,和抗NMDAR脑炎中的紧张症，基底神经节脑炎的肌张力障碍-帕金森病，和SSPE中的肌阵挛症。此外,本章讨论了患者的年龄如何影响运动障碍现象学，例如在抗NMDAR脑炎中，舞蹈病在幼儿中是典型的，尽管紧张症和运动障碍在青少年和成人中更为常见。
