Abstract：
Congenital malformations can affect almost 7% of canine newborns. The increase of commercial dog breeding and inbreeding used to maintain the striking characteristics of each breed, the appearance of malformations has become increasingly common, especially in brachycephalic dogs. The causes are diverse, and include genetic, nutritional, iatrogenic, and infectious factors, often making it difficult to establish a cause-consequence relationship. The high mortality associated with malformations comes not only from the fact that some are incompatible with life, but also because even if many undergo surgical treatment or correction, they require specific management, monitoring, and clinical treatment for an indefinite period of time. The most common malformations such as cleft lip and palate, hydrocephalus and anasarca have been studied for a long time, and it is currently known that brachycephalic dogs have a greater predisposition, however, for other less common conditions as gastroschisis and hypospadias, there is only a few case reports. The appearance of congenital defects in a litter leads to financial losses for the breeder, emotional losses for the owner and the veterinarian and harms the well-being of that individual. For this reason, the aim of this review article is to gather relevant information on the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of the main malformations in puppies. It is essential that the veterinarian is prepared to diagnose and treat these conditions, reducing negative impacts on animals and owners.
摘要：
先天性畸形可影响近7％的犬新生儿。商品狗繁殖和近亲繁殖的增加用来保持每个品种的显著特征，畸形的出现变得越来越普遍，尤其是短头犬.原因是多种多样的，包括遗传，营养,医源性,和感染因素，通常很难建立因果关系。与畸形相关的高死亡率不仅来自于一些人与生活不相容的事实，而且还因为即使许多人接受手术治疗或矫正，它们需要特定的管理，监测,以及无限期的临床治疗。最常见的畸形，如唇腭裂，脑积水和房面积已经研究了很长时间，目前已知短头犬有更大的倾向，然而,对于其他不太常见的疾病，如腹裂和尿道下裂，只有少数病例报告。产仔先天缺陷的出现会给饲养员带来经济损失,主人和兽医的情感损失，并损害该人的福祉。出于这个原因,这篇评论文章的目的是收集有关特征的相关信息，诊断,以及小狗主要畸形的管理。兽医必须准备好诊断和治疗这些疾病，减少对动物和主人的负面影响。
