Abstract：
Joint effusion is diagnostically important. The canine carpal joint effusion, which is sometimes difficult to detect clinically, has received less attention in diagnostic ultrasound (US) studies. The aim of the present study was to provide a description of the morphological appearance of the canine carpal joint cavities and recesses using US, radiography, helical computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional volume rendering technique (3D-VRT) images and to prove the applicability of musculoskeletal US for the detection of artificial carpal joint effusion in dogs. The understanding of the characteristics of these structures in normal patients is essential in the diagnosis. Twenty-eight clinically and radiologically unremarkable canine carpal cadavers of different breeds were examined, representative images were selected and anatomical structures were labelled. The canine carpal joint cavities and in particular its recesses had a complex appearance with a basic structure found in all dogs: Antebrachiocarpal joint: dorsoproximal antebrachiocarpal recess, dorsodistal antebrachiocarpal recess, medial antebrachiocarpal recess, lateral antebrachiocarpal recess and five palmar antebrachiocarpal recesses. Middle carpal joint: two dorsal middle carpal recesses, medial common middle carpal and carpometacarpal recess, lateral common middle carpal and carpometacarpal recess, four palmar middle carpal recesses. The carpometacarpal joint had dorsal and palmar funnel-shaped and irregular, finely tubular extensions, the most prominent ran dorsal to metacarpal III, the maximum distal end represented the proximal metacarpal diaphysis. All recesses presented ultrasonographically as a generalized anechogenic to hypoechoic filled continuation of the articular capsule with an indistinct peripheral hypoechogenic to isoechogenic fine capsule, the synovial-connective tissue interface was difficult to identify. The novel results of this study provide the first morphological description of the ultrasonographic, radiographic and computed tomographic arthrographic appearance of the canine carpal joint cavities and recesses with different injection volumes. The canine carpal joint cavities and in particular its recesses had a complex appearance with a basic structure found in all dogs. The applicability of musculoskeletal US to visualize an artificial carpal effusion has been demonstrated. The results of this study, and in particular US, give the practitioner an advantage in visualizing joint effusion and assist in the decision to perform arthrocentesis.
摘要：
关节积液在诊断上很重要。犬腕关节积液，有时很难在临床上发现，在超声诊断（美国）研究中受到的关注较少。本研究的目的是使用US描述犬腕关节腔和凹陷的形态外观，射线照相术,螺旋计算机断层扫描（CT）和三维体绘制技术（3D-VRT）图像，并证明肌肉骨骼US用于检测狗的人工腕关节积液的适用性。了解正常患者这些结构的特征在诊断中至关重要。检查了28个临床和放射学上不明显的不同品种的犬腕骨尸体，选择代表性图像并标记解剖结构.犬腕关节腔，特别是其凹陷具有复杂的外观，在所有狗中都有基本结构：腕前关节：背近端前腕骨凹陷，背远前腕骨隐窝，前臂内侧隐窝，外侧前臂腕隐窝和五个掌侧前臂腕隐窝。中腕关节：两个背侧中腕凹陷，内侧常见的中腕和腕掌凹陷，外侧腕骨中部和腕掌窝，四个掌中腕骨凹陷。腕掌关节背侧和掌侧呈漏斗状，不规则，细管状延伸，最突出的背侧至掌骨III，最大远端代表近端掌骨骨干。所有凹陷在超声上表现为关节囊的广义无回声至低回声填充的延续，周围的低回声至等回声细囊不明显。滑膜-结缔组织界面难以识别.这项研究的新结果提供了超声图像的第一个形态学描述，不同注射量的犬腕关节腔和凹陷的影像学和计算机断层扫描关节镜外观。犬腕关节腔，尤其是其凹陷具有复杂的外观，在所有狗中都有基本结构。已经证明了肌肉骨骼US可视化人工腕骨积液的适用性。这项研究的结果，尤其是美国,使医生在可视化关节积液方面具有优势，并协助决定进行关节穿刺术。
