Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) functions are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) from electromagnetic fields (EMF). Data on EMI risks from new-generation electronic appliances (EA) are limited.
OBJECTIVE: We performed a systematic literature review on the mechanisms of EMI, current evidence, and recently published trials evaluating the effect of EMF on CIEDs from electric vehicles (EV), smartphone, and smartwatch technology and summarize its safety data.
METHODS: Electronic databases, including PubMed and EMBASE, were searched for in vivo studies evaluating EMF strength and incidence between CIEDs and commercial EVs, new-generation smartphones, and new-generation smartwatches.
RESULTS: A total of ten studies (three on EVs, five on smartphones, one on smartphones, one on smartphones and smartwatches) were included in our systematic review. There was no report of EMI incidence associated with EVs or smartwatches. Magnet-containing smartphones (iPhone 12) can cause EMI when placed directly over CIEDs - thereby triggering the magnet mode; otherwise, no report of EMI was observed with other positions or smartphone models.
CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence suggests CIED recipients are safe from general interaction with EVs/HEVs, smartphones, and smartwatches. Strictly, results may only be applied to commercial brands or models tested in the published studies. There is limited data on EMI risk from EVs wireless charging and smartphones with MagSafe technology.
OBJECTIVE: We performed a systematic literature review on the mechanisms of EMI, current evidence, and recently published trials evaluating the effect of EMF on CIEDs from electric vehicles (EV), smartphone, and smartwatch technology and summarize its safety data.
METHODS: Electronic databases, including PubMed and EMBASE, were searched for in vivo studies evaluating EMF strength and incidence between CIEDs and commercial EVs, new-generation smartphones, and new-generation smartwatches.
RESULTS: A total of ten studies (three on EVs, five on smartphones, one on smartphones, one on smartphones and smartwatches) were included in our systematic review. There was no report of EMI incidence associated with EVs or smartwatches. Magnet-containing smartphones (iPhone 12) can cause EMI when placed directly over CIEDs - thereby triggering the magnet mode; otherwise, no report of EMI was observed with other positions or smartphone models.
CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence suggests CIED recipients are safe from general interaction with EVs/HEVs, smartphones, and smartwatches. Strictly, results may only be applied to commercial brands or models tested in the published studies. There is limited data on EMI risk from EVs wireless charging and smartphones with MagSafe technology.
摘要：
背景：心脏可植入电子设备（CIED）功能易受电磁场（EMF）的电磁干扰（EMI）的影响。新一代电子设备（EA）的EMI风险数据有限。
目的：我们对EMI的机制进行了系统的文献综述，目前的证据,最近发表的试验评估EMF对电动汽车(EV)的CIED的影响，智能手机,和智能手表技术，并总结其安全数据。
方法：电子数据库，包括PubMed和EMBASE,搜索了评估CIED和商用EV之间EMF强度和发生率的体内研究，新一代智能手机,和新一代智能手表。
结果：总共十项研究（三项关于电动汽车，五个在智能手机上，一个在智能手机上，关于智能手机和智能手表的一个)被包括在我们的系统评价中。没有与电动汽车或智能手表相关的EMI发生率的报告。当直接放置在CIED上时，含磁铁的智能手机（iPhone12）可能会引起EMI-从而触发磁铁模式；否则，未观察到其他体位或智能手机型号的EMI报告.
结论：当前证据表明，CIED受者与EV/HEV的一般相互作用是安全的，智能手机,和智能手表。严格地说，结果可能仅适用于已发表研究中测试的商业品牌或型号。电动汽车无线充电和具有MagSafe技术的智能手机的EMI风险数据有限。
目的：我们对EMI的机制进行了系统的文献综述，目前的证据,最近发表的试验评估EMF对电动汽车(EV)的CIED的影响，智能手机,和智能手表技术，并总结其安全数据。
方法：电子数据库，包括PubMed和EMBASE,搜索了评估CIED和商用EV之间EMF强度和发生率的体内研究，新一代智能手机,和新一代智能手表。
结果：总共十项研究（三项关于电动汽车，五个在智能手机上，一个在智能手机上，关于智能手机和智能手表的一个)被包括在我们的系统评价中。没有与电动汽车或智能手表相关的EMI发生率的报告。当直接放置在CIED上时，含磁铁的智能手机（iPhone12）可能会引起EMI-从而触发磁铁模式；否则，未观察到其他体位或智能手机型号的EMI报告.
结论：当前证据表明，CIED受者与EV/HEV的一般相互作用是安全的，智能手机,和智能手表。严格地说，结果可能仅适用于已发表研究中测试的商业品牌或型号。电动汽车无线充电和具有MagSafe技术的智能手机的EMI风险数据有限。
