Abstract：
The principal eyes of jumping spiders (Salticidae) integrate a dual-lens system, a tiered retinal matrix with multiple photoreceptor classes and muscular control of retinal movements to form high resolution images, extract color information, and dynamically evaluate visual scenes. While much work has been done to characterize these more complex principal anterior eyes, little work has investigated the three other pairs of simpler secondary eyes: the anterior lateral eye pair and two posterior (lateral and median) pairs of eyes. We investigated the opsin protein component of visual pigments in the eyes of three species of salticid using transcriptomics and immunohistochemistry. Based on characterization and localization of a set of three conserved opsins (Rh1 - green sensitive, Rh2 - blue sensitive, and Rh3 - ultraviolet sensitive) we have identified potential photoreceptors for blue light detection in the eyes of two out of three species: Menemerus bivittatus (Chrysillini) and Habrocestum africanum (Hasarinii). Additionally, the photoreceptor diversity of the secondary eyes exhibits more variation than previous estimates, particularly for the small, posterior median eyes previously considered vestigial in some species. In all three species investigated the lateral eyes were dominated by green-sensitive visual pigments (RH1 opsins), while the posterior median retinas were dominated by opsins forming short-wavelength sensitive visual pigments (e.g. RH2 and/or RH3/RH4). There was also variation among secondary eye types and among species in the distribution of opsins in retinal photoreceptors, particularly for the putatively blue-sensitive visual pigment formed from RH2. Our findings suggest secondary eyes have the potential for color vision, with observed differences between species likely associated with different ecologies and visual tasks.
摘要：
跳跃蜘蛛（Salticidae）的主要眼睛集成了双透镜系统，具有多个光感受器类别和视网膜运动的肌肉控制以形成高分辨率图像的分层视网膜矩阵，提取颜色信息，并动态评估视觉场景。虽然已经做了很多工作来描述这些更复杂的主前眼，很少有工作研究了其他三对更简单的二次眼:前外侧眼和两个后(侧和中)对的眼睛。我们使用转录组学和免疫组织化学研究了三种杀盐动物眼睛中视觉色素的视蛋白成分。基于表征和定位的一组三个保守的视蛋白（Rh1-绿色敏感，Rh2-蓝色敏感，和Rh3-紫外线敏感），我们已经确定了三个物种中的两个物种的眼睛中用于蓝光检测的潜在光感受器：Menemerusbivittatus（Chrysillini）和Habrocestumafricanum（Hasarinii）。此外,次级眼睛的感光体多样性比以前的估计表现出更多的变化，特别是对于小的，以前在某些物种中被认为是退化的后正中眼。在所研究的所有三个物种中，侧眼都以绿色敏感的视觉色素（RH1视蛋白）为主，而后部中位视网膜以视蛋白为主，形成短波长敏感的视觉色素（例如RH2和/或RH3/RH4）。视网膜光感受器中视蛋白的分布在次生眼类型和物种之间也存在差异，特别是对于由RH2形成的假定蓝色敏感的视觉颜料。我们的发现表明，二次眼具有色觉的潜力，观察到的物种之间的差异可能与不同的生态和视觉任务有关。
