PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: The biogeographical and ecological history of true flies (Diptera) in New Zealand is little known due to a scarcity of fossil specimens. Here, we report a fauna of immature aquatic dipterans from freshwater diatomites of the early Miocene Foulden Maar Fossil-Lagerstätte in southern New Zealand.
UNASSIGNED: We document 30 specimens of immature dipterans, mostly pupae, and compare their external morphology to extant aquatic Diptera. Based on the reconstructed paleoenvironment of Foulden Maar, we discuss taxonomic, ecological and taphonomic implications of this early Miocene fauna.
UNASSIGNED: Among Chironomidae, one pupal morphotype is attributed to Tanypodinae, one pupal morphotype and one larval morphotype are placed into Chironomus (Chironominae) and a further morphotype into Chironominae incertae sedis. Chaoboridae are represented by a pupal morphotype congeneric or very close to the extant Chaoborus, today globally distributed except for New Zealand. Additional immature specimens are likely larvae and puparia of brachyceran flies but cannot be identified to a narrower range. These finds document an aquatic dipteran fauna in New Zealand in the earliest Miocene and highlight Neogene extinction as a factor in shaping the extant Diptera fauna in New Zealand. Immature aquatic dipterans were a common and likely ecologically important component of the early Miocene Foulden Maar lake. Preservation of larvae and pupae may have been promoted by diatomaceous microbial mats and the light colour of the diatomite likely facilitated spotting of these minute fossils in the field.
UNASSIGNED: We document 30 specimens of immature dipterans, mostly pupae, and compare their external morphology to extant aquatic Diptera. Based on the reconstructed paleoenvironment of Foulden Maar, we discuss taxonomic, ecological and taphonomic implications of this early Miocene fauna.
UNASSIGNED: Among Chironomidae, one pupal morphotype is attributed to Tanypodinae, one pupal morphotype and one larval morphotype are placed into Chironomus (Chironominae) and a further morphotype into Chironominae incertae sedis. Chaoboridae are represented by a pupal morphotype congeneric or very close to the extant Chaoborus, today globally distributed except for New Zealand. Additional immature specimens are likely larvae and puparia of brachyceran flies but cannot be identified to a narrower range. These finds document an aquatic dipteran fauna in New Zealand in the earliest Miocene and highlight Neogene extinction as a factor in shaping the extant Diptera fauna in New Zealand. Immature aquatic dipterans were a common and likely ecologically important component of the early Miocene Foulden Maar lake. Preservation of larvae and pupae may have been promoted by diatomaceous microbial mats and the light colour of the diatomite likely facilitated spotting of these minute fossils in the field.
摘要：
■由于化石标本的匮乏，新西兰真蝇（双翅目）的生物地理和生态历史鲜为人知。这里,我们报告了来自新西兰南部新新世早期FouldenMaarFossil-Lagerstätte的淡水硅藻土的未成熟水生双翅目动物区系。
■我们记录了30个未成熟的双翅目动物标本，主要是蛹,并将它们的外部形态与现存的水生双翅目进行比较。基于重建的FouldenMaar古环境，我们讨论分类学，这种早期的动新世动物区系的生态和植物学意义。
■在摇蚊科中，一种p形态类型归因于Tanypodinae，将一种p形态类型和一种幼虫形态类型放入Chironomus（Chironominae），并将另一种形态类型放入Chironominaeincertaesedis。Chaoboridae由与现有Chaoborus相同或非常接近的p形态类型表示，今天全球分布除新西兰。其他未成熟的标本可能是短果蝇的幼虫和p，但无法在较窄的范围内鉴定。这些发现记录了最早的新世在新西兰的水生双翅目动物区系，并强调了新近纪的灭绝是塑造新西兰现存双翅目动物区系的一个因素。未成熟的水生双翅目是上新世早期FouldenMaar湖的常见且可能在生态上重要的组成部分。硅藻土微生物垫可能促进了幼虫和p的保存，硅藻土的浅色可能有助于在野外发现这些微小化石。
■我们记录了30个未成熟的双翅目动物标本，主要是蛹,并将它们的外部形态与现存的水生双翅目进行比较。基于重建的FouldenMaar古环境，我们讨论分类学，这种早期的动新世动物区系的生态和植物学意义。
■在摇蚊科中，一种p形态类型归因于Tanypodinae，将一种p形态类型和一种幼虫形态类型放入Chironomus（Chironominae），并将另一种形态类型放入Chironominaeincertaesedis。Chaoboridae由与现有Chaoborus相同或非常接近的p形态类型表示，今天全球分布除新西兰。其他未成熟的标本可能是短果蝇的幼虫和p，但无法在较窄的范围内鉴定。这些发现记录了最早的新世在新西兰的水生双翅目动物区系，并强调了新近纪的灭绝是塑造新西兰现存双翅目动物区系的一个因素。未成熟的水生双翅目是上新世早期FouldenMaar湖的常见且可能在生态上重要的组成部分。硅藻土微生物垫可能促进了幼虫和p的保存，硅藻土的浅色可能有助于在野外发现这些微小化石。
