PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the proportions of anatomical breast characteristics suggestive of breast hypoplasia among breastfeeding women self-reporting low milk supply. We also explored breast hypoplasia risk factors.
METHODS: Online survey conducted between October 2021 and January 2022.
METHODS: Five low milk supply Facebook groups.
METHODS: 487 women reporting low milk supply with their first child born ≥ 37 weeks gestation within 5 years of participation in this study, and residing in the USA, Australia or the UK. We present data on the primary outcome (\'breast type\') for 399 women. Women were excluded if the dyad was separated for more than 24 hours during the hospital stay, or if the mother reported removing milk less than 6 times per day from each breast on most days before being aware of having insufficient milk production.
METHODS: The proportions of proposed breast hypoplasia markers including atypical breast type, widely spaced breasts, breast asymmetry, stretch marks on the breast and lack of pregnancy breast growth. We also estimated the odds of having breast hypoplasia markers in at-risk groups compared to reference groups, adjusting for covariates.
RESULTS: Approximately 68% reported at least one atypical breast (270/399; 95% CI: 62.9%, 72.1%). Around 47% reported widely spaced breasts (212/449; 95% CI: 42.7%, 52.7%), 72% a lack of pregnancy breast growth (322/449; 95% CI: 68.3%, 77.4%), and 76% stretch marks on the breast (191/250; 95% CI: 70.7%, 81.3%). Multiple logistic regression analyses identified being overweight during pubertal years as a risk factor for atypical breast type and lack of pregnancy breast growth.
CONCLUSIONS: Participants in low milk supply Facebook groups reported high rates of breast hypoplasia markers. Being overweight during adolescence was a risk factor for breast hypoplasia markers. These findings should be confirmed in well-conducted large cohort studies to determine the strongest combination of hypoplasia markers in predicting low supply.
METHODS: Online survey conducted between October 2021 and January 2022.
METHODS: Five low milk supply Facebook groups.
METHODS: 487 women reporting low milk supply with their first child born ≥ 37 weeks gestation within 5 years of participation in this study, and residing in the USA, Australia or the UK. We present data on the primary outcome (\'breast type\') for 399 women. Women were excluded if the dyad was separated for more than 24 hours during the hospital stay, or if the mother reported removing milk less than 6 times per day from each breast on most days before being aware of having insufficient milk production.
METHODS: The proportions of proposed breast hypoplasia markers including atypical breast type, widely spaced breasts, breast asymmetry, stretch marks on the breast and lack of pregnancy breast growth. We also estimated the odds of having breast hypoplasia markers in at-risk groups compared to reference groups, adjusting for covariates.
RESULTS: Approximately 68% reported at least one atypical breast (270/399; 95% CI: 62.9%, 72.1%). Around 47% reported widely spaced breasts (212/449; 95% CI: 42.7%, 52.7%), 72% a lack of pregnancy breast growth (322/449; 95% CI: 68.3%, 77.4%), and 76% stretch marks on the breast (191/250; 95% CI: 70.7%, 81.3%). Multiple logistic regression analyses identified being overweight during pubertal years as a risk factor for atypical breast type and lack of pregnancy breast growth.
CONCLUSIONS: Participants in low milk supply Facebook groups reported high rates of breast hypoplasia markers. Being overweight during adolescence was a risk factor for breast hypoplasia markers. These findings should be confirmed in well-conducted large cohort studies to determine the strongest combination of hypoplasia markers in predicting low supply.
摘要：
目的：评估自我报告低奶供应的母乳喂养妇女中提示乳腺发育不全的解剖学乳腺特征的比例。我们还探讨了乳腺发育不全的危险因素。
方法：2021年10月至2022年1月进行的在线调查。
方法：五个低奶供应Facebook群组。
方法：487名妇女报告在参与本研究的5年内，其第一个孩子出生在妊娠37周以上，牛奶供应不足，居住在美国,澳大利亚或英国。我们提供了399名女性的主要结局数据（“乳房类型”）。如果在住院期间分居超过24小时，则将女性排除在外，或者，如果母亲在意识到产奶量不足之前的大多数日子里每天从每个乳房中取出牛奶少于6次。
方法：建议的乳腺发育不全标志物的比例，包括非典型乳腺类型，广泛分布的乳房，乳房不对称，乳房上的妊娠纹和缺乏怀孕的乳房生长。我们还评估了与参考组相比，风险组中出现乳腺发育不全标志物的几率，调整协变量。
结果：大约68％的人报告了至少一个非典型乳房（270/399；95％CI：62.9％，72.1%）。大约47%的人报告乳房间隔很宽(212/449；95%CI：42.7%，52.7%），72％缺乏妊娠乳房生长（322/449；95％CI：68.3％，77.4%），乳房上有76%的妊娠纹(191/250；95%CI：70.7%，81.3%）。多逻辑回归分析确定青春期超重是非典型乳房类型和缺乏妊娠乳房生长的危险因素。
结论：低牛奶供应Facebook组的参与者报告乳腺发育不全标志物的发生率很高。青春期超重是乳腺发育不全标志物的危险因素。这些发现应在进行良好的大型队列研究中得到证实，以确定在预测供应不足方面最强的发育不全标志物组合。
方法：2021年10月至2022年1月进行的在线调查。
方法：五个低奶供应Facebook群组。
方法：487名妇女报告在参与本研究的5年内，其第一个孩子出生在妊娠37周以上，牛奶供应不足，居住在美国,澳大利亚或英国。我们提供了399名女性的主要结局数据（“乳房类型”）。如果在住院期间分居超过24小时，则将女性排除在外，或者，如果母亲在意识到产奶量不足之前的大多数日子里每天从每个乳房中取出牛奶少于6次。
方法：建议的乳腺发育不全标志物的比例，包括非典型乳腺类型，广泛分布的乳房，乳房不对称，乳房上的妊娠纹和缺乏怀孕的乳房生长。我们还评估了与参考组相比，风险组中出现乳腺发育不全标志物的几率，调整协变量。
结果：大约68％的人报告了至少一个非典型乳房（270/399；95％CI：62.9％，72.1%）。大约47%的人报告乳房间隔很宽(212/449；95%CI：42.7%，52.7%），72％缺乏妊娠乳房生长（322/449；95％CI：68.3％，77.4%），乳房上有76%的妊娠纹(191/250；95%CI：70.7%，81.3%）。多逻辑回归分析确定青春期超重是非典型乳房类型和缺乏妊娠乳房生长的危险因素。
结论：低牛奶供应Facebook组的参与者报告乳腺发育不全标志物的发生率很高。青春期超重是乳腺发育不全标志物的危险因素。这些发现应在进行良好的大型队列研究中得到证实，以确定在预测供应不足方面最强的发育不全标志物组合。
