Abstract：
The microbiota community is composed of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protists that exert symbiotic effects within the human body. Unlike microbiota, parasites are characteristically reliant on their hosts to thrive and flourish, producing toxic metabolites that agitate microbiota and disturb homeostasis. The proper management of parasitic infections addresses several important challenges related to low socioeconomic status and emergent resistance. Therefore, understanding the microbiota\'s role in interactions with hosts and parasites is crucial for managing parasite diseases with fewer economic and adverse effects associated with pharmaceutical interventions. The current review was divided into three sections. Section 1 focused on the mutual microbiota-host interaction through the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). The P2X7R is an abundant intestinal cation channel that is crucial in mucosal immunity, facilitated by SIgA-mediated protection in both innate and adaptive immunity. This study demonstrated that microbiota continually \"teach and train\" host immunity to attain homeostasis via SIgA production (in T cell-independent and T cell-dependent pathways) and the purinergic receptor P2X7R. In addition, we discussed the potential of manipulating SIgA and P2X7R in immune therapies targeting parasitic infections. Section 2 exhibited parasite-microbiota (microbe-microbe) interactions wherein each can indirectly affect one another through physical and immunogenic alterations and directly via predation, bactericidal protein production, and overlapping of nutrient resources. Thus, microbe-microbe interactions appeared to be multifaceted and species-dependent. Section 3 showed the relationship between microbiota and specific parasites, and the promising role of probiotics. In this section, the review discussed examples of tissue, blood, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory parasitic diseases, while highlighting the associated dysbiosis. Furthermore, Section 3 acknowledged the importance of \"strain-dependent\" biotherapy to boost beneficial microbiota, modulate immunity, and exert anti-parasitic effects.
摘要：
微生物群落由细菌组成，真菌,病毒,以及在人体内发挥共生效应的原生生物。与微生物群不同,寄生虫的特征是依赖于它们的宿主茁壮成长，产生有毒代谢物，搅动微生物群并扰乱体内平衡。寄生虫感染的适当管理解决了与低社会经济地位和紧急耐药性相关的几个重要挑战。因此,了解微生物群在与宿主和寄生虫相互作用中的作用对于治疗寄生虫疾病至关重要，而药物干预措施的经济和不良反应较少。本次审查分为三个部分。第1节重点介绍了通过嘌呤能P2X7受体（P2X7R）和分泌性免疫球蛋白A（SIgA）的微生物群与宿主的相互作用。P2X7R是一种丰富的肠道阳离子通道，在粘膜免疫中至关重要，在先天免疫和适应性免疫中由SIgA介导的保护作用促进。这项研究表明，微生物群不断“教导和训练”宿主免疫，以通过SIgA的产生（在T细胞非依赖性和T细胞依赖性途径中）和嘌呤能受体P2X7R达到稳态。此外,我们讨论了在针对寄生虫感染的免疫治疗中操纵SIgA和P2X7R的潜力.第2节展示了寄生虫-微生物群（微生物-微生物）相互作用，其中每种相互作用都可以通过物理和免疫原性改变间接影响彼此，并直接通过捕食，杀菌蛋白生产，和营养资源的重叠。因此，微生物与微生物之间的相互作用似乎是多方面的，并且取决于物种。第3节显示了微生物群与特定寄生虫之间的关系，和益生菌的有前途的作用。在本节中,这篇评论讨论了组织的例子，血,胃肠,泌尿生殖系统,和呼吸道寄生虫病，同时突出相关的生态失调。此外，第3节承认“菌株依赖性”生物疗法对促进有益微生物群的重要性，调节免疫力，并发挥抗寄生虫作用。
