Abstract：
This review explores the molecular and genetic underpinnings of axonal regeneration and functional recovery post-nerve injury, emphasizing its significance in reversing neurological deficits. It presents a systematic exploration of the roles of various genes in axonal regrowth across peripheral and central nerve injuries. Initially, it highlights genes and gene families critical for axonal growth and guidance, delving into their roles in regeneration. It then examines the regenerative microenvironment, focusing on the role of glial cells in neural repair through dedifferentiation, proliferation, and migration. The concept of \"traumatic microenvironments\" within the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) is discussed, noting their impact on regenerative capacities and their importance in therapeutic strategy development. Additionally, the review delves into axonal transport mechanisms essential for accurate growth and reinnervation, integrating insights from proteomics, genome-wide screenings, and gene editing advancements. Conclusively, it synthesizes these insights to offer a comprehensive understanding of axonal regeneration\'s molecular orchestration, aiming to inform effective nerve injury therapies and contribute to regenerative neuroscience.
摘要：
这篇综述探讨了神经损伤后轴突再生和功能恢复的分子和遗传基础。强调其在逆转神经功能缺损中的重要性。它系统地探索了各种基因在外周和中枢神经损伤中轴突再生中的作用。最初，它突出了对轴突生长和指导至关重要的基因和基因家族，深入研究它们在再生中的作用。然后检查再生微环境，关注神经胶质细胞通过去分化在神经修复中的作用，扩散,和移民。讨论了中枢神经系统（CNS）和周围神经系统（PNS）内的“创伤性微环境”的概念，注意它们对再生能力的影响及其在治疗策略制定中的重要性。此外,这篇综述深入研究了轴突运输机制对准确生长和神经支配至关重要，整合蛋白质组学的见解，全基因组筛查，和基因编辑的进步。最后，它综合了这些见解，提供了轴突再生的分子编排的全面理解，旨在告知有效的神经损伤疗法，并为再生神经科学做出贡献。
