Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Research demonstrates that chronic exposure to fine particulates (PM2.5) increases risks of neurodevelopmental conditions, such as intellectual disability (ID). Few studies have examined neurodevelopmental health impacts of pollution spikes exceeding 24-h (24-h) PM2.5 guidelines, despite relevance to the regulatory landscape. The current potential for regulatory changes to 24-h PM2.5 standards in the United States makes research on exceedances relevant.
OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between 24-h PM2.5 exceedances and the risk of ID.
METHODS: We conducted a retrospective case-control study of a sample of children in Utah, USA. We used generalized estimating equations to predict odds of ID based on the number of 24-h PM2.5 exceedance days during the preconception period and three trimesters of pregnancy. Exceedance days are defined as per current World Health Organization (WHO) [≥15 μg/m3] and current US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [≥35 μg/m3] 24-h guidelines.
RESULTS: PM2.5 exceedances are associated with ID risk during the preconception and first trimester periods and not the second and third trimesters. During the preconception period, each day exceeding 15 μg/m3 or 35 μg/m3 was associated with a 1.023 (CI: 1.011-1.040) or 1.042 (CI: 1.026-1.059, p < 0.001) increase in odds of ID, respectively. During the first trimester, each day exceeding 15 μg/m3 or 35 μg/m3 was associated with a 1.032 (CI: 1.017-1.047) or 1.059 (CI: 1.030-1.088) increase in odds of ID, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: Potential regulatory movement on the US 24-h PM2.5 standard makes research that explicitly studies exceedances highly relevant. Yet few studies examine health effects of exceeding 24-h guidelines for any air pollutants. This study fills important gaps in the literature by examining associations between odds of intellectual disability and the count of days exceeding current 24-h PM2.5 guidelines, as established by the World Health Organization and US Environmental Protection Agency, during the prenatal period. We find that exceedances of both sets of guidelines, during the preconception and first trimester periods, are associated with ID risk.
OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between 24-h PM2.5 exceedances and the risk of ID.
METHODS: We conducted a retrospective case-control study of a sample of children in Utah, USA. We used generalized estimating equations to predict odds of ID based on the number of 24-h PM2.5 exceedance days during the preconception period and three trimesters of pregnancy. Exceedance days are defined as per current World Health Organization (WHO) [≥15 μg/m3] and current US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [≥35 μg/m3] 24-h guidelines.
RESULTS: PM2.5 exceedances are associated with ID risk during the preconception and first trimester periods and not the second and third trimesters. During the preconception period, each day exceeding 15 μg/m3 or 35 μg/m3 was associated with a 1.023 (CI: 1.011-1.040) or 1.042 (CI: 1.026-1.059, p < 0.001) increase in odds of ID, respectively. During the first trimester, each day exceeding 15 μg/m3 or 35 μg/m3 was associated with a 1.032 (CI: 1.017-1.047) or 1.059 (CI: 1.030-1.088) increase in odds of ID, respectively.
UNASSIGNED: Potential regulatory movement on the US 24-h PM2.5 standard makes research that explicitly studies exceedances highly relevant. Yet few studies examine health effects of exceeding 24-h guidelines for any air pollutants. This study fills important gaps in the literature by examining associations between odds of intellectual disability and the count of days exceeding current 24-h PM2.5 guidelines, as established by the World Health Organization and US Environmental Protection Agency, during the prenatal period. We find that exceedances of both sets of guidelines, during the preconception and first trimester periods, are associated with ID risk.
摘要：
背景：研究表明，长期接触细颗粒物（PM2.5）会增加神经发育状况的风险，如智力障碍（ID）。很少有研究检查超过24小时（24小时）PM2.5指南的污染峰值对神经发育健康的影响。尽管与监管环境相关。美国目前对24小时PM2.5标准的监管变化的可能性使得对超标的研究变得相关。
目的：研究24小时PM2.5超标与ID风险之间的关系。
方法：我们对犹他州的儿童样本进行了回顾性病例对照研究，美国。我们使用广义估计方程根据孕前和怀孕三个月期间24小时PM2.5超标天数来预测ID的几率。超限天数的定义是根据当前的世界卫生组织（WHO）[≥15μg/m3]和当前的美国环境保护署（EPA）[≥35μg/m3]24小时指南。
结果：PM2.5超标与孕前和孕早期的ID风险相关，而不是第二和孕晚期。在先入为主的时期,每天超过15μg/m3或35μg/m3与ID的几率增加1.023（CI：1.011-1.040）或1.042（CI：1.026-1.059，p<0.001）相关，分别。在头三个月，每天超过15μg/m3或35μg/m3与ID的几率增加1.032（CI：1.017-1.047）或1.059（CI：1.030-1.088）相关，分别。
■美国24小时PM2.5标准的潜在监管运动使得明确研究超标的研究高度相关。然而，很少有研究检查超过24小时指南对任何空气污染物的健康影响。这项研究通过检查智力残疾的几率与超过当前24小时PM2.5指南的天数之间的关联，填补了文献中的重要空白。由世界卫生组织和美国环境保护署建立，在产前期间。我们发现两组准则的超标，在孕前和孕早期，与ID风险相关。
目的：研究24小时PM2.5超标与ID风险之间的关系。
方法：我们对犹他州的儿童样本进行了回顾性病例对照研究，美国。我们使用广义估计方程根据孕前和怀孕三个月期间24小时PM2.5超标天数来预测ID的几率。超限天数的定义是根据当前的世界卫生组织（WHO）[≥15μg/m3]和当前的美国环境保护署（EPA）[≥35μg/m3]24小时指南。
结果：PM2.5超标与孕前和孕早期的ID风险相关，而不是第二和孕晚期。在先入为主的时期,每天超过15μg/m3或35μg/m3与ID的几率增加1.023（CI：1.011-1.040）或1.042（CI：1.026-1.059，p<0.001）相关，分别。在头三个月，每天超过15μg/m3或35μg/m3与ID的几率增加1.032（CI：1.017-1.047）或1.059（CI：1.030-1.088）相关，分别。
■美国24小时PM2.5标准的潜在监管运动使得明确研究超标的研究高度相关。然而，很少有研究检查超过24小时指南对任何空气污染物的健康影响。这项研究通过检查智力残疾的几率与超过当前24小时PM2.5指南的天数之间的关联，填补了文献中的重要空白。由世界卫生组织和美国环境保护署建立，在产前期间。我们发现两组准则的超标，在孕前和孕早期，与ID风险相关。
