PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Ecological dependencies - where organisms rely on other organisms for survival - are a ubiquitous feature of life on earth. Multicellular hosts rely on symbionts to provide essential vitamins and amino acids. Legume plants similarly rely on nitrogen-fixing rhizobia to convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. In some cases, dependencies can arise via loss-of-function mutations that allow one partner to benefit from the actions of another. It is common in microbiology to label ecological dependencies between species as cooperation - making it necessary to invoke cooperation-specific frameworks to explain the phenomenon. However, in many cases, such traits are not (at least initially) cooperative, because they are not selected for because of the benefits they confer on a partner species. In contrast, dependencies in microbial communities may originate from fitness benefits gained from genomic-streamlining (i.e. Black Queen Dynamics). Here, we outline how the Black Queen Hypothesis predicts the formation of metabolic dependencies via loss-of-function mutations in microbial communities, without needing to invoke any cooperation-specific explanations. Furthermore we outline how the Black Queen Hypothesis can act as a blueprint for true cooperation as well as discuss key outstanding questions in the field. The nature of interactions in microbial communities can predict the ability of natural communities to withstand and recover from disturbances. Hence, it is vital to gain a deeper understanding of the factors driving these dynamic interactions over evolutionary time.
摘要：
生态依赖-生物依靠其他生物生存-是地球上生命的无处不在的特征。多细胞宿主依靠共生体提供必需的维生素和氨基酸。豆科植物同样依靠固氮根瘤菌将大气中的氮转化为氨。在某些情况下,依赖性可以通过功能丧失突变产生，该突变允许一个伴侣从另一个伴侣的行为中受益。在微生物学中，将物种之间的生态依赖性标记为合作是很常见的，因此有必要调用特定于合作的框架来解释这种现象。然而,在许多情况下,这些特征(至少最初)不是合作的，因为它们没有被选中，因为它们赋予伴侣物种的好处。相比之下,微生物群落中的依赖性可能源于基因组精简（即BlackQueenDynamics）获得的健身益处。这里,我们概述了黑皇后假说如何通过微生物群落中功能丧失突变来预测代谢依赖性的形成，而不需要援引任何合作特定的解释。此外，我们概述了黑女王假说如何作为真正合作的蓝图，并讨论了该领域的关键悬而未决的问题。微生物群落中相互作用的性质可以预测自然群落承受干扰和从干扰中恢复的能力。因此，更深入地了解在进化时间内驱动这些动态相互作用的因素是至关重要的。
