Abstract：
Historical evidence from 18th- and 19th-century England suggests that industrialization\'s impacts on health were largely negative, especially among marginalized groups. However, available documentary evidence is often biased toward adult men and rarely sheds light on the experiences of other members of the population, such as women and children. Craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry (FA) can serve as a proxy measurement of developmental instability and stress during development. This study examines the associations among age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), and FA in skeletal samples from industrial-era England.
The sample for this study comes from four industrial-era cemeteries from England (A.D. 1711-1857). Geometric morphometric analyses of three-dimensional landmark coordinate data were used to generate a measure of FA for each individual (Mahalanobis distance). A three-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the impacts of sex, SES, and FA scores on adult age at death (n = 168).
Significant associations existed between age at death and SES (p = 0.004) and FA scores (p = 0.094). Comparisons of the estimated means indicated that age at death was consistently higher among high SES individuals and individuals with FA scores less than one standard deviation from the mean.
This study supports findings from previous studies that have suggested that the differences in resource access and environmental buffering generated by socioeconomic inequality can impact longevity and patterns of mortality among socioeconomic status groups. Likewise, stress in early life-evinced by craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry-can influence observed patterns of longevity in adults decades later.
The sample for this study comes from four industrial-era cemeteries from England (A.D. 1711-1857). Geometric morphometric analyses of three-dimensional landmark coordinate data were used to generate a measure of FA for each individual (Mahalanobis distance). A three-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the impacts of sex, SES, and FA scores on adult age at death (n = 168).
Significant associations existed between age at death and SES (p = 0.004) and FA scores (p = 0.094). Comparisons of the estimated means indicated that age at death was consistently higher among high SES individuals and individuals with FA scores less than one standard deviation from the mean.
This study supports findings from previous studies that have suggested that the differences in resource access and environmental buffering generated by socioeconomic inequality can impact longevity and patterns of mortality among socioeconomic status groups. Likewise, stress in early life-evinced by craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry-can influence observed patterns of longevity in adults decades later.
摘要：
目标：来自18世纪和19世纪英国的历史证据表明，工业化对健康的影响在很大程度上是负面的，尤其是边缘化群体。然而,现有的书面证据往往偏向成年男子，很少揭示其他人口的经历，如妇女和儿童。颅面波动不对称（FA）可以作为发育过程中发育不稳定性和压力的替代测量。这项研究考察了年龄之间的关联，性别,社会经济地位(SES)，和FA在工业时代英格兰的骨骼样本中。
方法：本研究的样本来自英国四个工业时代的墓地（公元1711-1857年）。使用三维界标坐标数据的几何形态测量分析来生成每个个体的FA测量值(马氏距离)。使用三因素方差分析来评估性别的影响，SES,成人死亡年龄的FA评分(n=168)。
结果：死亡年龄与SES（p=0.004）和FA评分（p=0.094）之间存在显著关联。估计平均值的比较表明，在高SES个体和FA得分低于平均值一个标准差的个体中，死亡年龄始终较高。
结论：这项研究支持了先前研究的发现，这些研究表明，社会经济不平等所产生的资源获取和环境缓冲的差异会影响社会经济地位群体的寿命和死亡模式。同样，早期生活中的压力-由颅面部波动不对称引起-可以影响数十年后观察到的成年人的寿命模式。
方法：本研究的样本来自英国四个工业时代的墓地（公元1711-1857年）。使用三维界标坐标数据的几何形态测量分析来生成每个个体的FA测量值(马氏距离)。使用三因素方差分析来评估性别的影响，SES,成人死亡年龄的FA评分(n=168)。
结果：死亡年龄与SES（p=0.004）和FA评分（p=0.094）之间存在显著关联。估计平均值的比较表明，在高SES个体和FA得分低于平均值一个标准差的个体中，死亡年龄始终较高。
结论：这项研究支持了先前研究的发现，这些研究表明，社会经济不平等所产生的资源获取和环境缓冲的差异会影响社会经济地位群体的寿命和死亡模式。同样，早期生活中的压力-由颅面部波动不对称引起-可以影响数十年后观察到的成年人的寿命模式。
