Abstract：
Disease transmission is dependent on a variety of factors, including the characteristics of an event, such as crowding and shared accommodations, the potential of participants having prolonged exposure and close contact with infectious individuals, the type of activities, and the characteristics of the participants, such as their age and immunity to infectious agents [1-3]. Effective control of outbreaks of infectious diseases requires rapid diagnosis and intervention in high-risk settings. As a result, syndromic and event-based surveillance may be used to enhance the responsiveness of the surveillance system [1]. In public health, surveillance is collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data across time to inform decision-making and aid policy implementation [1]. In this review article we aimed to provide an overview of the principles, types, uses, advantages, and limitations of surveillance systems and to highlight the importance of early warning systems in response to the information received by disease surveillance. The study conducted a comprehensive literature search using several databases, selecting, and reviewing 78 articles that covered different types of surveillance systems, their applications, and their impact on controlling infectious diseases. The article also presents a case study from the Hajj gathering, which highlighted the development, evaluation, and impact of early warning systems on response to the information received by disease surveillance. The study concludes that ongoing disease surveillance should be accompanied by well-designed early warning and response systems, and continuous efforts should be invested in evaluating and validating these systems to minimize the risk of reporting delays and reducing the risk of outbreaks.
摘要：
疾病的传播依赖于多种因素,包括事件的特征，比如拥挤和共享住宿，参与者长时间接触和密切接触传染性个体的潜力，活动的类型,以及参与者的特点，例如他们的年龄和对传染因子的免疫力[1-3]。有效控制传染病的爆发需要在高风险环境中进行快速诊断和干预。因此,综合征和基于事件的监测可用于增强监测系统的响应能力[1]。在公共卫生方面,监视正在收集，分析,并跨时间解释数据，为决策和援助政策执行提供信息[1]。在这篇综述文章中，我们旨在概述这些原则，类型,uses,优势,以及监测系统的局限性，并强调早期预警系统对疾病监测收到的信息的重要性。该研究使用多个数据库进行了全面的文献检索，选择,并审查了涵盖不同类型监视系统的78篇文章，他们的应用,以及它们对控制传染病的影响。本文还介绍了朝圣聚会的案例研究，突出了发展，评估，以及预警系统对疾病监测收到的信息的反应的影响。研究得出的结论是,持续的疾病监测应伴随着精心设计的早期预警和反应系统,应不断努力评估和验证这些系统，以最大程度地减少报告延迟的风险并降低爆发的风险。
