PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: First responders\' training and learning regarding how to handle a mass-casualty incident (MCI) is traditionally based on reading and/or training through computer-based scenarios, or sometimes through live simulations with actors. First responders should practice in realistic environments to narrow the theory-practice gap, and the possibility of repeating the training is important for learning. High-fidelity virtual reality (VR) is a promising tool to use for realistic and repeatable simulation training, but it needs to be further evaluated. The aim of this literature review was to provide a comprehensive description of the use of high-fidelity VR for MCI training by first responders.
METHODS: A systematic integrative literature review was used according to Whittemore and Knafl\'s descriptions. Databases investigated were PubMed, CINAHL Complete, Academic Search Ultimate, Web of Science, and ERIC to find papers addressing the targeted outcome. The electronic search strategy identified 797 potential studies. Seventeen studies were deemed eligible for final inclusion.
RESULTS: Training with VR enables repetition in a way not possible with live simulation, and the realism is similar, yet not as stressful. Virtual reality offers a cost-effective and safe learning environment. The usability of VR depends on the level of immersion, the technology being error-free, and the ease of use.
CONCLUSIONS: This integrative review shows that high-fidelity VR training should not rule out live simulation, but rather serve as a complement. First responders became more confident and prepared for real-life MCIs after training with high-fidelity VR, but efforts should be made to solve the technical issues found in this review to further improve the usability.
METHODS: A systematic integrative literature review was used according to Whittemore and Knafl\'s descriptions. Databases investigated were PubMed, CINAHL Complete, Academic Search Ultimate, Web of Science, and ERIC to find papers addressing the targeted outcome. The electronic search strategy identified 797 potential studies. Seventeen studies were deemed eligible for final inclusion.
RESULTS: Training with VR enables repetition in a way not possible with live simulation, and the realism is similar, yet not as stressful. Virtual reality offers a cost-effective and safe learning environment. The usability of VR depends on the level of immersion, the technology being error-free, and the ease of use.
CONCLUSIONS: This integrative review shows that high-fidelity VR training should not rule out live simulation, but rather serve as a complement. First responders became more confident and prepared for real-life MCIs after training with high-fidelity VR, but efforts should be made to solve the technical issues found in this review to further improve the usability.
摘要：
背景：关于如何处理大规模伤亡事件（MCI）的急救人员培训和学习传统上是基于阅读和/或通过基于计算机的场景进行培训，或者有时通过与演员的现场模拟。急救人员应在现实环境中实践，以缩小理论与实践的差距，重复训练的可能性对学习很重要。高保真虚拟现实（VR）是一种用于现实和可重复的模拟训练的有前途的工具，但需要进一步评估。这篇文献综述的目的是提供对急救人员使用高保真VR进行MCI训练的全面描述。
方法：根据Whittemore和Knafl的描述，采用系统综合文献综述。调查的数据库是PubMed，CINAHL完成,学术搜索终极，WebofScience,和ERIC找到解决目标结果的论文。电子搜索策略确定了797项潜在研究。17项研究被认为有资格最终纳入。
结果：使用VR进行训练可以以实时模拟无法实现的方式进行重复，现实主义是相似的，但没有那么紧张。虚拟现实提供了一个经济高效且安全的学习环境。VR的可用性取决于沉浸水平，该技术没有错误，和易用性。
结论：这项综合审查表明，高保真VR训练不应排除实时模拟，而是作为一种补充。在接受高保真VR培训后，急救人员变得更加自信，并为现实生活中的MCI做好了准备，但是应该努力解决这次审查中发现的技术问题，以进一步提高可用性。
方法：根据Whittemore和Knafl的描述，采用系统综合文献综述。调查的数据库是PubMed，CINAHL完成,学术搜索终极，WebofScience,和ERIC找到解决目标结果的论文。电子搜索策略确定了797项潜在研究。17项研究被认为有资格最终纳入。
结果：使用VR进行训练可以以实时模拟无法实现的方式进行重复，现实主义是相似的，但没有那么紧张。虚拟现实提供了一个经济高效且安全的学习环境。VR的可用性取决于沉浸水平，该技术没有错误，和易用性。
结论：这项综合审查表明，高保真VR训练不应排除实时模拟，而是作为一种补充。在接受高保真VR培训后，急救人员变得更加自信，并为现实生活中的MCI做好了准备，但是应该努力解决这次审查中发现的技术问题，以进一步提高可用性。
