PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Acetamiprid (ACE) and imidacloprid (IMI) are insecticides of global importance and are used as spray and watering agents for ornamental plants to control biting and sucking insects or as topical medications on pets to remove and control fleas. Human biomonitoring data on ACE and IMI exposures when applying these products are limited. We investigated exposures to ACE and IMI in male volunteers after the domestic application of either an ACE-containing agent or an IMI-containing spot-on medication. Complete and consecutive urine samples were collected for up to 56 h after application. Urine samples were analyzed for ACE, IMI, and their respective metabolites (N-desmethyl-ACE, IMI-olefin, and sum of 4-/5-hydroxy-IMI) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Fairly uniform concentrations of N-desmethyl-ACE could be observed before and after orchid treatment, so that an ACE exposure associated with orchid treatment can most likely be excluded. In contrast, after the application of the IMI-containing medication, elevated concentrations of IMI, 4-/5-hydroxy-IMI, and IMI-olefin were quantified in urine samples post-20 h with maximum concentrations of 3.1, 14.9, and 8.0 μg/g creatinine, respectively, well above general background levels. Nevertheless, the IMI intake (10.6 μg/kg bw), calculated from the excreted amounts, was around five times below the current European acceptable daily intake. Based on the case results here, household exposures to ACE and IMI after spray treatment of ornamental plants and anti-flea treatment of dogs can be regarded as low and safe. However, people regularly applying neonicotinoid-containing formulations, such as professional gardeners and employees in animal shelters, should be studied in more detail.
摘要：
啶虫脒（ACE）和吡虫啉（IMI）是具有全球重要性的杀虫剂，可用作观赏植物的喷雾剂和浇水剂，以控制叮咬和吸吮昆虫，或用作宠物的局部药物以去除和控制跳蚤。应用这些产品时，有关ACE和IMI暴露的人类生物监测数据有限。我们调查了男性志愿者在国内使用含ACE的药物或含IMI的定点药物后对ACE和IMI的暴露。在施用后收集完整和连续的尿液样品直至56小时。尿样进行ACE分析,IMI,及其各自的代谢物(N-去甲基-ACE，IMI-烯烃，和4-/5-羟基-IMI的总和）通过液相色谱-串联质谱法。在兰花处理前后可以观察到相当均匀的N-去甲基-ACE浓度。因此，与兰花治疗相关的ACE暴露最有可能被排除。相比之下,在应用含IMI的药物后，IMI浓度升高，4-/5-羟基-IMI,20小时后，尿样中的IMI-烯烃定量，最大浓度为3.1、14.9和8.0μg/g肌酐，分别,远高于一般背景水平。然而，IMI摄入量（10.6μg/kgbw），根据排泄量计算，比目前欧洲可接受的每日摄入量低五倍左右。根据这里的案例结果，在观赏植物的喷雾处理和狗的抗跳蚤处理后，家庭暴露于ACE和IMI可以被认为是低和安全的。然而,人们经常使用含有新烟碱的制剂，如专业园丁和动物收容所的员工，应该更详细地研究。
