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Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out in the submandibular salivary glands (SSGs) of rats to demonstrate the effect of a ketogenic diet (KD) in comparison with dietary chitosan supplementation.
METHODS: Eighteen albino rats were randomly divided into three equal groups of six animals each. Rats in Group I were fed a balanced diet and considered controls. Meanwhile, those of Groups II and III were fed a KD, a balanced diet with high molecular weight chitosan, respectively. After 45 days, rats were euthanized, and the SSGs were dissected carefully for staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunohistochemical staining, and Congo red special stain. Quantitative data from α-SMA staining and Congo red staining were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\'s multiple comparisons post hoc test.
RESULTS: Regarding Congo red and α-SMA staining, one-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the three groups. For α-SMA staining and Congo red staining, Group II had the highest mean values of 91.41 ± 3.30 and 68.10 ± 5.04, respectively, while Group I had the lowest values of 56.13 ± 3.96 and 16.87 ± 2.19, respectively. Group III had mean values of 60.70 ± 3.55 for α-SMA and 19.50 ± 1.78 for Congo red. Tukey\'s multiple comparisons post hoc test revealed significant differences between groups I & II and between groups II & III (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, there was a nonsignificant difference between groups I and III (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: A KD has a deleterious effect on rats\' SSG whatever the test we used, and dietary chitosan supplementation ameliorates these damaging effects.
METHODS: Eighteen albino rats were randomly divided into three equal groups of six animals each. Rats in Group I were fed a balanced diet and considered controls. Meanwhile, those of Groups II and III were fed a KD, a balanced diet with high molecular weight chitosan, respectively. After 45 days, rats were euthanized, and the SSGs were dissected carefully for staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunohistochemical staining, and Congo red special stain. Quantitative data from α-SMA staining and Congo red staining were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\'s multiple comparisons post hoc test.
RESULTS: Regarding Congo red and α-SMA staining, one-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the three groups. For α-SMA staining and Congo red staining, Group II had the highest mean values of 91.41 ± 3.30 and 68.10 ± 5.04, respectively, while Group I had the lowest values of 56.13 ± 3.96 and 16.87 ± 2.19, respectively. Group III had mean values of 60.70 ± 3.55 for α-SMA and 19.50 ± 1.78 for Congo red. Tukey\'s multiple comparisons post hoc test revealed significant differences between groups I & II and between groups II & III (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, there was a nonsignificant difference between groups I and III (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: A KD has a deleterious effect on rats\' SSG whatever the test we used, and dietary chitosan supplementation ameliorates these damaging effects.
摘要：
目的：这项研究是在大鼠的下颌下腺（SSGs）中进行的，以证明与饮食中添加壳聚糖相比，生酮饮食（KD）的作用。
方法：将18只白化病大鼠随机分为3组，每组6只。组I中的大鼠被饲喂均衡饮食并考虑为对照。同时,第二组和第三组的人被喂KD，高分子量壳聚糖的均衡饮食，分别。45天后,对大鼠实施安乐死,并仔细解剖SSGs，用苏木精和曙红（H&E）染色，α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)免疫组织化学染色,和刚果红特殊染色。α-SMA染色和刚果红染色的定量数据使用单向ANOVA进行统计分析，然后进行Tukey的多重比较事后检验。
结果：关于刚果红和α-SMA染色，单因素方差分析显示三组之间存在显著差异.对于α-SMA染色和刚果红染色，II组的最高平均值分别为91.41±3.30和68.10±5.04,而第一组的最低值分别为56.13±3.96和16.87±2.19。第III组α-SMA的平均值为60.70±3.55，刚果红的平均值为19.50±1.78。Tukey的多重比较事后检验显示，I组和II组之间以及II组和III组之间存在显着差异（P<0.05）。同时,I组和III组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
结论：无论我们使用什么测试，KD对大鼠SSG都有有害影响，和饮食中的壳聚糖补充剂改善了这些破坏性影响。
方法：将18只白化病大鼠随机分为3组，每组6只。组I中的大鼠被饲喂均衡饮食并考虑为对照。同时,第二组和第三组的人被喂KD，高分子量壳聚糖的均衡饮食，分别。45天后,对大鼠实施安乐死,并仔细解剖SSGs，用苏木精和曙红（H&E）染色，α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)免疫组织化学染色,和刚果红特殊染色。α-SMA染色和刚果红染色的定量数据使用单向ANOVA进行统计分析，然后进行Tukey的多重比较事后检验。
结果：关于刚果红和α-SMA染色，单因素方差分析显示三组之间存在显著差异.对于α-SMA染色和刚果红染色，II组的最高平均值分别为91.41±3.30和68.10±5.04,而第一组的最低值分别为56.13±3.96和16.87±2.19。第III组α-SMA的平均值为60.70±3.55，刚果红的平均值为19.50±1.78。Tukey的多重比较事后检验显示，I组和II组之间以及II组和III组之间存在显着差异（P<0.05）。同时,I组和III组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
结论：无论我们使用什么测试，KD对大鼠SSG都有有害影响，和饮食中的壳聚糖补充剂改善了这些破坏性影响。
