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Abstract：
Biofilms are dense aggregates of bacterial colonies embedded inside a self-produced polymeric matrix. Biofilms have received increasing attention in medical, industrial, and environmental settings due to their enhanced survival. Their characterization using microscopy techniques has revealed the presence of structural and cellular heterogeneity in many bacterial systems. However, these techniques provide limited chemical detail and lack information about the molecules important for bacterial communication and virulence. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) bridges the gap by generating spatial chemical information with unmatched chemical detail, making it an irreplaceable analytical platform in the multi-modal imaging of biofilms. In the last two decades, over 30 species of biofilm-forming bacteria have been studied using MSI in different environments. The literature conveys both analytical advancements and an improved understanding of the effects of environmental variables such as host surface characteristics, antibiotics, and other species of microorganisms on biofilms. This review summarizes the insights from frequently studied model microorganisms. We share a detailed list of organism-wide metabolites, commonly observed mass spectral adducts, culture conditions, strains of bacteria, substrate, broad problem definition, and details of the MS instrumentation, such as ionization sources and matrix, to facilitate future studies. We also compared the spatial characteristics of the secretome under different study designs to highlight changes because of various environmental influences. In addition, we highlight the current limitations of MSI in relation to biofilm characterization to enable cross-comparison between experiments. Overall, MSI has emerged to become an important approach for the spatial/chemical characterization of bacterial biofilms and its use will continue to grow as MSI becomes more accessible.
摘要：
生物膜是嵌入在自产聚合物基质内的细菌菌落的致密聚集体。生物膜在医学上受到越来越多的关注,工业,和环境设置，因为他们的生存增强。使用显微镜技术对其进行表征已揭示了许多细菌系统中结构和细胞异质性的存在。然而,这些技术提供了有限的化学细节，缺乏有关细菌通讯和毒力重要分子的信息。质谱成像（MSI）通过生成具有无与伦比的化学细节的空间化学信息来弥合差距，使其成为生物膜多模态成像中不可替代的分析平台。在过去的二十年里，已经在不同环境中使用MSI研究了超过30种生物膜形成细菌。文献传达了分析的进步和对诸如宿主表面特征等环境变量的影响的更好理解，抗生素,和生物膜上的其他微生物物种。这篇综述总结了经常研究的模型微生物的见解。我们分享了生物体内代谢物的详细列表，通常观察到的质谱加合物，文化条件,细菌菌株，基材,广泛的问题定义，以及MS仪器的详细信息，如电离源和基质，以促进未来的研究。我们还比较了不同研究设计下分泌组的空间特征，以突出由于各种环境影响而引起的变化。此外,我们强调了目前MSI在生物膜表征方面的局限性，以实现实验之间的交叉比较。总的来说,MSI已成为细菌生物膜的空间/化学表征的重要方法，并且随着MSI变得更容易获得，其使用将继续增长。
