Abstract：
Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg is a plant endemic to the Northern and Central regions of Morocco known since the ancient Roman and Greek times for secreting a poisonous latex containing resiniferatoxin. However, E. resinifera pseudo-inflorescences called cyathia are devoid of laticifers and, therefore, do not secrete latex. Instead, they exudate nectar that local honey bees collect and craft into honey. Honey and cyathium water extracts find a broad range of applications in the traditional medicine of Northern Africa as ointments and water decoctions. Moreover, E. resinifera monofloral honey has received the Protected Geographic Indication certification for its outstanding qualities. Given the relevance of E. resinifera cyathia for bee nutrition, honey production, and the health benefit of cyathium-derived products, this study aimed to screen metabolites synthesized and accumulated in its pseudo-inflorescences. Our analyses revealed that E. resinifera cyathia accumulate primary metabolites in considerable abundance, including hexoses, amino acids and vitamins that honey bees may collect from nectar and craft into honey. Cyathia also synthesize volatile organic compounds of the class of benzenoids and terpenes, which are emitted by flowers pollinated by honey bees and bumblebees. Many specialized metabolites, including carotenoids, flavonoids, and polyamines, were also detected, which, while protecting the reproductive organs against abiotic stresses, also confer antioxidant properties to water decoctions. In conclusion, our analyses revealed that E. resinifera cyathia are a great source of antioxidant molecules and a good food source for the local foraging honeybees, revealing the central role of the flowers from this species in mediating interactions with local pollinators and the conferral of medicinal properties to plant extracts.
摘要：
EuphorbiaresiniferaO.Berg是摩洛哥北部和中部地区特有的植物，自古罗马和希腊时代以来，因分泌含有树脂毒素的有毒乳胶而闻名。然而,E.resinifera假花序被称为cyathia缺乏乳胶，因此,不要分泌乳胶。相反，他们将当地蜜蜂收集的花蜜渗出并制成蜂蜜。蜂蜜和cyathium水提取物在北非的传统医学中作为软膏和水煎剂具有广泛的应用。此外，E.resinifera单花蜂蜜因其出色的品质而获得了受保护的地理标志认证。鉴于E.resiniferacyathia与蜜蜂营养的相关性，蜂蜜生产,以及cyathium衍生产品的健康益处，本研究旨在筛选假花序中合成和积累的代谢物。我们的分析显示，E.resiniferacyathia积累了相当丰富的初级代谢产物，包括己糖,蜜蜂可以从花蜜中收集的氨基酸和维生素，然后加工成蜂蜜。Cyathia还合成苯和萜烯类的挥发性有机化合物，蜜蜂和大黄蜂授粉的花朵发出。许多特殊的代谢物，包括类胡萝卜素,黄酮类化合物，和多胺，也被检测到，which,在保护生殖器官免受非生物胁迫的同时，还赋予水煎剂抗氧化性能。总之,我们的分析显示，E.resiniferacyathia是抗氧化剂分子的重要来源和当地觅食蜜蜂的良好食物来源，揭示了该物种的花朵在介导与当地传粉者的相互作用以及将药用特性赋予植物提取物中的核心作用。
