Abstract：
Fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors for selective detection of various biologically important analytes have been widely applied in different areas such as biology, physiology, pharmacology, and environmental sciences. The research area based on fluorescent chemosensors has been in existence for about 150 years with the development of large number of fluorescent chemosensors for selective detection of cations as metal ions, anions, reactive species, neutral molecules and different gases etc. Despite the progress made in this field, several problems and challenges still exist. The most important part of sensing is limit of detection (LOD) which is the lowest concentration that can be measured (detected) with statistical significance by means of a given analytical procedure. Although there are so many reports available for detection of millimolar to micromolar range but the development of chemosensors for the detection of analytes in nanomolar range is still a challenging task. Therefore, in our current review we have focused the history and a general overview of the development in the research of fluorescent sensors for selective detection of various analytes at nanomolar level only. The basic principles involved in the design of chemosensors for specific analytes, binding mode, photophysical properties and various directions are also covered here. Summary of physiochemical properties, mechanistic view and type of different chemosensors has been demonstrated concisely in the tabular forms.
摘要：
用于选择性检测各种生物学重要分析物的荧光和比色化学传感器已广泛应用于生物学等不同领域。生理学,药理学,和环境科学。随着大量用于选择性检测金属离子阳离子的荧光化学传感器的发展，基于荧光化学传感器的研究领域已经存在了大约150年，阴离子,反应性物种，中性分子和不同的气体等。尽管在这一领域取得了进展，仍然存在一些问题和挑战。感测的最重要部分是检测极限(LOD),其是通过给定的分析程序可以测量(检测)具有统计学意义的最低浓度。尽管有许多报道可用于检测毫摩尔至微摩尔范围，但是开发用于检测纳摩尔范围内分析物的化学传感器仍然是一项具有挑战性的任务。因此,在我们目前的审查，我们已经集中的历史和发展的一般概述，在研究中的荧光传感器的选择性检测的各种分析物仅在纳摩尔水平。涉及特定分析物的化学传感器设计的基本原理，绑定模式,这里还涵盖了光物理性质和各种方向。理化性质总结，机械视图和不同化学传感器的类型已经以表格形式简洁地展示。
