Abstract：
Parasites constitute a significant economic burden and highly impact environmental, public, and animal health. The emergence of many parasitic diseases is environmentally mediated and they share the same biogeography with humans and both domestic and wild animals. American liver fluke, Fascioloides magna - a trematode parasite of domestic and wild ungulates - is an example of the anthropogenic introduction of an \"invasive alien species\" in Italy and Europe. Multiple introductions to Europe have led to the biogeographical expansion of the parasite across the Danube region mainly provided by the presence of suitable habitats for all hosts involved in the parasite\'s life cycle, human-assisted transport, and drastic environmental events such as flooding. In Italy, it was introduced and established in La Mandria Regional Park (LMRP) near Turin in 1865 along with imported wapitis (Cervus elaphus canadensis) from North America (Bassi, 1875), but with no reported expansion to the surrounding areas. LMRP isolated F. magna focus, poses an important threat of possible expansion since the enclosed area is vulnerable to occasional bidirectional passage of roe deer. Additionally, tributary rivers to the Po river system, traversing the enclosed area, could further bolster the possibility of such spread. In this study, we developed a duplex qPCR assay for F. magna and its principal intermediate host Galba truncatula optimized for testing eDNA samples to meet the needs for surveillance of the parasite. Moreover, we validated the developed assay in natura by testing samples derived from filtered water and sediments collected inside and outside LMRP\'s fenced-off area. Our findings for the first time demonstrate the presence of F. magna\'s eDNA outside the park\'s internal fenced-off area.
摘要：
寄生虫构成了巨大的经济负担，对环境产生了极大的影响。public,动物健康。许多寄生虫病的出现是环境介导的，它们与人类以及家畜和野生动物共享相同的生物地理学。美国肝吸虫,Fascioloidesmagna-家养和野生有蹄类的吸虫寄生虫-是在意大利和欧洲人为引入“外来入侵物种”的一个例子。多次引入欧洲导致了整个多瑙河地区的寄生虫的生物地理扩张，主要是由所有参与寄生虫生命周期的宿主的合适栖息地提供的。人类辅助运输，和严重的环境事件，如洪水。在意大利,它于1865年与来自北美（Bassi，1875),但没有报告向周边地区扩张。LMRP孤立F.magna焦点，由于封闭区域很容易受到偶而入侵的影响，因此对可能的扩张构成了重要威胁。此外,支流河流到波河系统，穿越封闭区域，可以进一步增强这种传播的可能性。在这项研究中,我们开发了一种针对F.magna及其主要中间宿主Galbatruncatula的双重qPCR检测方法，该方法经过优化，用于检测eDNA样品，以满足对寄生虫的监测需求。此外，我们通过测试来自LMRP围栏区域内外的过滤水和沉积物的样品，在自然中验证了开发的检测方法。我们的发现首次证明了在公园内部围栏区域外存在F.magna的eDNA。
