PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Fresh ginseng is prone to spoilage due to its high moisture content. For long-term storage, most fresh ginsengs are dried to white ginseng (WG) or steamed for hours at high temperature/pressure and dried to form Korean Red ginseng (KRG). They are further processed for ginseng products when subjected to hot water extraction/concentration under pressure. These WG or KRG preparation processes affect ginsenoside compositions and also other ginseng components, probably during treatments like steaming and drying, to form diverse bioactive phospholipids. It is known that ginseng contains high amounts of gintonin lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs). LPAs are simple lipid-derived growth factors in animals and humans and act as exogenous ligands of six GTP-binding-protein coupled LPA receptor subtypes. LPAs play diverse roles ranging from brain development to hair growth in animals and humans. LPA-mediated signaling pathways involve various GTP-binding proteins to regulate downstream pathways like [Ca2+]i transient induction. Recent studies have shown that gintonin exhibits anti-Alzheimer\'s disease and anti-arthritis effects in vitro and in vivo mediated by gintonin LPAs, the active ingredients of gintonin, a ginseng-derived neurotrophin. However, little is known about how gintonin LPAs are formed in high amounts in ginseng compared to other herbs. This review introduces atypical or non-enzymatic pathways under the conversion of ginseng phospholipids into gintonin LPAs during steaming and extraction/concentration processes, which exert beneficial effects against degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer\'s disease and arthritis in animals and humans via LPA receptors.
摘要：
新鲜人参由于水分含量高，容易变质。对于长期储存，大多数新鲜人参被干燥成白人参（WG）或在高温/高压下蒸数小时，然后干燥形成韩国红参（KRG）。当在压力下进行热水提取/浓缩时,它们被进一步加工成人参产品。这些WG或KRG制备过程影响人参皂苷组合物和其他人参成分，可能在蒸和干燥等治疗期间，形成不同的生物活性磷脂。已知人参含有高量的金肽溶血磷脂酸(LPAs)。LPA是动物和人类中的简单脂质衍生的生长因子，并充当六种GTP结合蛋白偶联的LPA受体亚型的外源配体。LPA在动物和人类中发挥从大脑发育到毛发生长的多种作用。LPA介导的信号通路涉及各种GTP结合蛋白以调节下游通路如[Ca2+]i瞬时诱导。最近的研究表明，Gintonin具有抗阿尔茨海默病和抗关节炎的作用，在体外和体内由GintoninLPAs介导，Gintonin的活性成分,人参来源的神经营养蛋白。然而,与其他草药相比，很少有人知道人参中如何形成大量的GintoninLPA。这篇综述介绍了在汽蒸和提取/浓缩过程中，人参磷脂转化为gintoninLPAs的非典型或非酶途径，对退行性疾病产生有益的影响，包括通过LPA受体在动物和人类中的阿尔茨海默病和关节炎。
