Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: In 1988, the Iraqi government used a range of chemical weapons (CWs) against the Iraqi Kurds of Halabja. Here, we aim to investigate the long-term health consequences in exposed survivors as they are not sufficiently studied.
UNASSIGNED: This was a retrospective study conducted from November 2019 to May 2020 assessing the health status of all exposed Halabja chemical attack survivors compared to non-exposed people from the same area.
UNASSIGNED: Two hundred thirty survivors and 240 non-exposed participants were enrolled in this study, with control participants matched to age, gender, and occupation. Among the survivors, females were more prevalent. The respiratory system was the most common single exposure route (83, 36.1%), with 138 (60%) of the survivors being exposed by multiple routes. The vast majority (88.7%) of survivors had activities of daily living (ADL) impairment. There was female predominance in mild and moderate cases, with more males in severe cases (p < 0.01). Respiratory and cardiac diseases were significantly more common in the survivors compared to the controls (p < 0.001). Survivors with multiple CW exposure routes had significantly higher rates of ADL impairment (p < 0.001) and cardiac disease, respiratory diseases, and miscarriage (p < 0.01), than those with a single exposure route.
UNASSIGNED: In this study comparing CW survivors with a local control population, a single, high-dose exposure to CWs was associated with significant increases in chronic respiratory and cardiac conditions, in addition to high rates of ADL impairment. Similar studies are needed in other, more recent CW survivor cohorts.
UNASSIGNED: This was a retrospective study conducted from November 2019 to May 2020 assessing the health status of all exposed Halabja chemical attack survivors compared to non-exposed people from the same area.
UNASSIGNED: Two hundred thirty survivors and 240 non-exposed participants were enrolled in this study, with control participants matched to age, gender, and occupation. Among the survivors, females were more prevalent. The respiratory system was the most common single exposure route (83, 36.1%), with 138 (60%) of the survivors being exposed by multiple routes. The vast majority (88.7%) of survivors had activities of daily living (ADL) impairment. There was female predominance in mild and moderate cases, with more males in severe cases (p < 0.01). Respiratory and cardiac diseases were significantly more common in the survivors compared to the controls (p < 0.001). Survivors with multiple CW exposure routes had significantly higher rates of ADL impairment (p < 0.001) and cardiac disease, respiratory diseases, and miscarriage (p < 0.01), than those with a single exposure route.
UNASSIGNED: In this study comparing CW survivors with a local control population, a single, high-dose exposure to CWs was associated with significant increases in chronic respiratory and cardiac conditions, in addition to high rates of ADL impairment. Similar studies are needed in other, more recent CW survivor cohorts.
摘要：
■1988年，伊拉克政府对哈拉布贾的伊拉克库尔德人使用了一系列化学武器（CW）。这里,我们的目标是调查暴露幸存者的长期健康后果,因为他们没有得到充分的研究.
■这是一项从2019年11月至2020年5月进行的回顾性研究，评估了所有暴露的Halabja化学攻击幸存者与来自同一地区的未暴露人群相比的健康状况。
■230名幸存者和240名非暴露参与者参加了这项研究，对照参与者与年龄相匹配，性别,和职业。在幸存者中,女性更普遍。呼吸系统是最常见的单一暴露途径（83，36.1％），138名（60%）幸存者通过多种途径暴露。绝大多数（88.7％）的幸存者有日常生活活动（ADL）障碍。轻度和中度病例以女性为主，严重病例中男性较多（p<0.01）。与对照组相比，幸存者中的呼吸系统和心脏病明显更常见（p<0.001）。具有多个CW暴露途径的幸存者ADL受损（p<0.001）和心脏病的发生率明显更高，呼吸系统疾病,流产（p<0.01），而不是那些只有一条曝光路线的人。
■在这项研究中，将CW幸存者与当地对照人群进行了比较，一个人,高剂量CWs暴露与慢性呼吸和心脏疾病的显着增加有关，除了ADL损害的高发率。在其他方面也需要类似的研究，最近的CW幸存者队列。
■这是一项从2019年11月至2020年5月进行的回顾性研究，评估了所有暴露的Halabja化学攻击幸存者与来自同一地区的未暴露人群相比的健康状况。
■230名幸存者和240名非暴露参与者参加了这项研究，对照参与者与年龄相匹配，性别,和职业。在幸存者中,女性更普遍。呼吸系统是最常见的单一暴露途径（83，36.1％），138名（60%）幸存者通过多种途径暴露。绝大多数（88.7％）的幸存者有日常生活活动（ADL）障碍。轻度和中度病例以女性为主，严重病例中男性较多（p<0.01）。与对照组相比，幸存者中的呼吸系统和心脏病明显更常见（p<0.001）。具有多个CW暴露途径的幸存者ADL受损（p<0.001）和心脏病的发生率明显更高，呼吸系统疾病,流产（p<0.01），而不是那些只有一条曝光路线的人。
■在这项研究中，将CW幸存者与当地对照人群进行了比较，一个人,高剂量CWs暴露与慢性呼吸和心脏疾病的显着增加有关，除了ADL损害的高发率。在其他方面也需要类似的研究，最近的CW幸存者队列。
