Abstract：
Transforming growth factors (TGFs) regulate several cellular processes including, differentiation, growth, migration, extracellular matrix production, and apoptosis. TGF alpha (TGF-α) is a heterogeneous molecule containing 160 amino acid residues. It is a potent angiogenesis promoter that is activated by JAK-STAT signaling. Whereas TGF beta (TGF-β) consists of 390-412 amino acids. Smad and non-Smad signaling both occur in TGF beta. It is linked to immune cell activation, differentiation, and proliferation. It also triggers pre-apoptotic responses and inhibits cell proliferation. Both growth factors have a promising role in the development and homeostasis of tissues. Defects such as autoimmune diseases and cancer develop mechanisms to modulate checkpoints of the immune system resulting in altered growth factors profile. An accurate amount of these growth factors is essential for normal functioning, but an exceed or fall behind the normal level is alarming as it is linked to several disorders. This demands techniques for TGF-α and TGF-β profiling to effectively diagnose diseases, monitor their progression, and assess the efficacy of immunotherapeutic drugs. Quantitative detection techniques including the emergence of biosensing technology seem to accomplish the purpose. Until the present time, few biosensors have been designed in the context of TGF-α and TGF-β for disease detection, analyzing receptor binding, and interaction with carriers. In this paper, we have reviewed the physiology of transforming growth factor alpha and beta, including the types, structure, function, latent/active forms, signaling, and defects caused. It involves the description of biosensors on TGF-α and TGF-β, advances in technology, and future perspectives.
摘要：
转化生长因子（TGF）调节几种细胞过程，包括，分化,增长,迁移,细胞外基质的产生，和凋亡。TGFα(TGF-α)是含有160个氨基酸残基的异质分子。它是由JAK-STAT信号激活的有效血管生成促进剂。而TGFβ(TGF-β)由390-412个氨基酸组成。Smad和非Smad信号都发生在TGFβ中。它与免疫细胞活化有关，分化,和扩散。它还触发凋亡前反应并抑制细胞增殖。两种生长因子在组织的发育和稳态中都具有有希望的作用。诸如自身免疫疾病和癌症的缺陷发展出调节免疫系统检查点的机制,导致改变的生长因子谱。这些生长因子的准确数量对于正常功能至关重要，但是超过或低于正常水平是令人担忧的，因为它与几种疾病有关。这需要TGF-α和TGF-β谱分析技术来有效诊断疾病。监测他们的进展，并评估免疫治疗药物的疗效。包括生物传感技术在内的定量检测技术的出现似乎完成了该目的。直到现在，在TGF-α和TGF-β的背景下，很少设计用于疾病检测的生物传感器，分析受体结合，以及与运营商的互动。在本文中,我们回顾了转化生长因子α和β的生理学，包括类型，结构,函数,潜在/活性形式，信令,和缺陷造成的。它涉及对TGF-α和TGF-β的生物传感器的描述，技术的进步，和未来的前景。
