Abstract：
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are inevitably released into the environment with the exponential application of nanotechnology. Parts of ENMs eventually accumulate in the soil environment leading to potential adverse effects on soil ecology, crop production, and human health. Therefore, the safety application of ENMs on soil has been widely discussed in recent years. More detailed safety information and potential soil environmental risks are urgently needed. However, most of the studies on the environmental effects of metal-based ENMs have been limited to single-species experiments, ecosystem processes, or abiotic processes. The present review formulated the source and the behaviors of the ENMs in soil, and the potential effects of single and co-exposure ENMs on soil microorganisms, soil fauna, and plants were introduced. The toxicity mechanism of ENMs to soil organisms was also reviewed including oxidative stress, the release of toxic metal ions, and physical contact. Soil properties affect the transport, transformation, and toxicity of ENMs. Toxic mechanisms of ENMs include oxidative stress, ion release, and physical contact. Joint toxic effects occur through adsorption, photodegradation, and loading. Besides, future research should focus on the toxic effects of ENMs at the food chain levels, the effects of ENMs on plant whole-lifecycle, and the co-exposure and long-term toxicity effects. A fast and accurate toxicity evaluation system and model method are urgently needed to solve the current difficulties. It is of great significance for the sustainable development of ENMs to provide the theoretical basis for the ecological risk assessment and environmental management of ENMs.
摘要：
随着纳米技术的指数应用，工程纳米材料（ENM）不可避免地释放到环境中。部分ENM最终在土壤环境中积累，导致对土壤生态的潜在不利影响，作物生产，和人类健康。因此,近年来，ENM在土壤上的安全应用得到了广泛的讨论。迫切需要更详细的安全信息和潜在的土壤环境风险。然而,大多数关于金属基ENM的环境影响的研究仅限于单物种实验，生态系统过程，或非生物过程。本综述阐述了ENM在土壤中的来源和行为，以及单一和共同暴露ENM对土壤微生物的潜在影响，土壤动物,并引进了植物。还综述了ENM对土壤生物的毒性机制，包括氧化应激，有毒金属离子的释放，和身体接触。土壤性质影响运输，改造,和ENMs的毒性。ENMs的毒性机制包括氧化应激，离子释放,和身体接触。通过吸附发生联合毒性作用，光降解，和装载。此外,未来的研究应该集中在ENM在食物链水平的毒性作用上，ENM对工厂全生命周期的影响，以及共同接触和长期毒性效应。迫切需要一种快速准确的毒性评价体系和模型方法来解决当前的困难。为ENM的生态风险评价和环境管理提供理论依据,对ENM的可持续发展具有重要意义。
