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Abstract：
The current binary understanding of membership in international organizations (IOs), especially regional organizations (ROs), creates blind spots and biases in our understanding of who matters in IOs, as well as why and how they matter. Existing scholarship primarily looks at full member-states or non-state actors to capture who influences such organizations. Associated states are often portrayed as passive receivers of IO rules instead of active contributors. We address this blind spot and resulting analytical bias by exploring what types of association relationships exist and how they impact IOs. We propose a novel conceptualization of membership that we call memberness. On the level of IOs, memberness is based on the relative openness of organizational boundaries and stratified access via material and ideational contributions. On the level of states, memberness captures associated states\' individual choices to contribute materially and/or ideationally to an IO. Memberness moves away from a purely rights-based understanding of membership (or who you are in an IO) to include a capacity-based understanding (or what you do in an IO). This shift in focus uncovers new channels of influence on IOs. Associated states\' material and ideational contributions to IOs constitute three memberness types: payroller, sponsor, and advisor. We argue that these memberness types impact IOs\' vitality, design, and performance in previously unrecognized ways. We illustrate these types with empirical examples from ROs across the globe and discuss the implications of memberness for IO research programs.
摘要：
当前对国际组织成员资格的二元理解，特别是区域组织(RO)，在我们对IOs中谁重要的理解中造成了盲点和偏见，以及它们为什么以及如何重要。现有的奖学金主要着眼于正式成员国或非国家行为者，以捕捉谁影响这些组织。关联状态通常被描述为IO规则的被动接收者，而不是主动贡献者。我们通过探索存在哪些类型的关联关系以及它们如何影响IO来解决这一盲点和由此产生的分析偏差。我们提出了一种新的成员资格概念化，我们称之为成员资格。在IO的层面上，成员资格基于组织边界的相对开放性和通过物质和观念贡献的分层访问。在国家层面上，成员资格捕获相关的状态\'个人选择，以在物质上和/或理想上为IO做出贡献。Memberness从纯粹基于权利的成员身份理解（或您在IO中的身份）转变为基于能力的理解（或您在IO中所做的事情）。这种焦点的转移揭示了影响国际组织的新渠道。Associatedstates\'materialandidentialcontributingthreemembernesstypes:payroller,赞助商,和顾问。我们认为这些成员类型会影响IO的活力，设计,和以前无法识别的性能。我们用来自全球RO的经验例子来说明这些类型，并讨论成员资格对IO研究计划的影响。
