Abstract：
Hindbrain adrenergic/noradrenergic nuclei facilitate endocrine and autonomic responses to physical and psychological challenges. Neurons that synthesize adrenaline and noradrenaline target hypothalamic structures to modulate endocrine responses while descending spinal projections regulate sympathetic function. Furthermore, these neurons respond to diverse stress-related metabolic, autonomic, and psychosocial challenges. Accordingly, adrenergic and noradrenergic nuclei are integrative hubs that promote physiological adaptation to maintain homeostasis. However, the precise mechanisms through which adrenaline- and noradrenaline-synthesizing neurons sense interoceptive and exteroceptive cues to coordinate physiological responses have yet to be fully elucidated. Additionally, the regulatory role of these cells in the context of chronic stress has received limited attention. This mini-review consolidates reports from preclinical rodent studies on the organization and function of brainstem adrenaline and noradrenaline cells to provide a framework for how these nuclei coordinate endocrine and autonomic physiology. This includes identification of hindbrain adrenaline- and noradrenaline-producing cell groups and their role in stress responding through neurosecretory and autonomic engagement. Although temporally and mechanistically distinct, the endocrine and autonomic stress axes are complementary and interconnected. Therefore, the interplay between brainstem adrenergic/noradrenergic nuclei and peripheral physiological systems is necessary for integrated stress responses and organismal survival.
摘要：
后脑肾上腺素能/去甲肾上腺素能细胞核促进对身体和心理挑战的内分泌和自主神经反应。合成肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的神经元靶向下丘脑结构以调节内分泌反应，而下降的脊柱投射调节交感神经功能。此外，这些神经元对各种压力相关的代谢做出反应，自主性,和心理社会挑战。因此，肾上腺素能和去甲肾上腺素能核是促进生理适应以维持体内平衡的整合中心。然而,合成肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的神经元感知相互感觉和外感觉线索以协调生理反应的确切机制尚未完全阐明。此外,这些细胞在慢性应激中的调节作用受到的关注有限。这篇小型综述合并了临床前啮齿动物关于脑干肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素细胞的组织和功能的研究报告，为这些细胞核如何协调内分泌和自主生理提供了框架。这包括识别产生后脑肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的细胞群，以及它们在通过神经分泌和自主神经参与应激反应中的作用。尽管在时间上和机械上都不同，内分泌和自主应激轴是互补和相互联系的。因此,脑干肾上腺素能/去甲肾上腺素能核团和外周生理系统之间的相互作用对于综合应激反应和机体存活是必要的。
