Abstract：
Carbon nanoparticles (CDs) have recently drawn a great attention in (bio)chemical analysis, sensing and bioimaging owing to their photostability, water stability, minimal toxicity, biocompatibility and ease of surface functionalization. While the vast majority of CDs applications rely on exploiting their fluorescent properties, doping such nanomaterials with various elements has recently received increasing attention as an effective approach to modify their optoelectronic characteristics, introducing novel improved optical features such as phosphorescence, upconversion luminescence or multimodal imaging capabilities. This review article focuses in the recent advances on the synthesis of heteroatom-doped CDs, exhibiting distinctive features of high value for sensing and imaging, as well as various functionalization schemes developed for guided analyte labeling. Relevant applications in chemical sensing, bioimaging and disease therapy are here presented. A final section intends to provide an overview towards future developments of such emerging light-emitting nanomaterials in the design of future devices and strategies for (bio)analytical chemistry.
摘要：
碳纳米颗粒（CD）最近在（生物）化学分析中引起了极大的关注，传感和生物成像由于它们的光稳定性，水稳定性,最小的毒性，生物相容性和易于表面功能化。虽然绝大多数CD应用依赖于利用其荧光特性，用各种元素掺杂这种纳米材料最近作为一种有效的方法来改变它们的光电特性受到了越来越多的关注。引入新颖的改进的光学特征，如磷光，上转换发光或多模态成像能力。这篇综述的重点是杂原子掺杂的CD的合成的最新进展，表现出高传感和成像价值的独特特征，以及为指导分析物标记开发的各种功能化方案。在化学传感中的相关应用，这里介绍了生物成像和疾病治疗。最后一部分旨在概述这种新兴的发光纳米材料在（生物）分析化学的未来设备和策略设计中的未来发展。
