Abstract：
We examine the range of available bone graft substitutes often used in nonunion and malunion surgery of the upper extremity. Synthetic materials such as calcium sulfate, beta-calcium phosphate ceramics, hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and 3D printed materials are discussed. We delve into the advantages, disadvantages, and clinical applications for each, considering factors such as biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, mechanical strength, and resorption rates. This review provides upper extremity surgeons with insights into the available array of bone graft substitutes. We hope that the reviews helps in the decision-making process to achieve optimal outcomes when treating nonunion and malunion of the upper extremity.
摘要：
我们检查了上肢骨不连和畸形手术中经常使用的可用骨移植替代品的范围。合成材料，如硫酸钙，β-磷酸钙陶瓷,羟基磷灰石,生物活性玻璃,并讨论了3D打印材料。我们深入研究优势，缺点,和临床应用，考虑到生物相容性等因素，骨传导性,机械强度,和吸收率。这篇综述为上肢外科医生提供了有关现有骨移植替代品的见解。我们希望这些评论在治疗上肢不愈合和畸形时，有助于决策过程达到最佳效果。
