PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Although pig systems start from a favourable baseline of environmental impact compared to other livestock systems, there is still scope to reduce their emissions and further mitigate associated impacts, especially in relation to nitrogen and phosphorous emissions. Key environmental impact hotspots of pig production systems are activities associated with feed production and manure management, as well as direct emissions (such as methane) from the animals and energy use. A major contributor to the environmental impacts associated with pig feed is the inclusion of soya in pig diets, especially since European pig systems rely heavily on soya imported from areas of the globe where crop production is associated with significant impacts of land use change, deforestation, carbon emissions, and loss of biodiversity. The \"finishing\" pig production stage contributes most to these environmental impacts, due to the amount of feed consumed, the efficiency with which feed is utilised, and the amount of manure produced during this stage. By definition therefore, any substantial improvements pig system environmental impact would arise from changes in feed production and manure management. In this paper, we consider potential solutions towards system environmental sustainability at these pig system components, as well as the bottlenecks that inhibit their effective implementation at the desired pace and magnitude. Examples include the quest for alternative protein sources to soya, the limits (perceived or real) to the genetic improvement of pigs, and the implementation of alternative manure management strategies, such as production of biogas through anaerobic digestion. The review identifies and discusses areas that future efforts can focus on, to further advance understanding around the potential sustainability benefits of modifications at various pig system components, and key sustainability trade-offs across the environment-economy-society pillars associated with synergistic and antagonistic effects when joint implementation of multiple solutions is considered. In this way, the review opens a discussion to facilitate the development of holistic decision support tools for pig farm management that account for interactions between the \"feed * animal * manure\" system components and trade-offs between sustainability priorities (e.g., environmental vs economic performance of pig system; welfare improvements vs environmental impacts).
摘要：
尽管与其他牲畜系统相比，猪系统从环境影响的有利基线开始，仍有减少排放和进一步减轻相关影响的空间，尤其是氮和磷的排放。生猪生产系统的主要环境影响热点是与饲料生产和粪肥管理相关的活动，以及动物的直接排放（如甲烷）和能源使用。与猪饲料相关的环境影响的一个主要原因是在猪饮食中加入大豆，特别是由于欧洲养猪系统严重依赖从全球作物生产与土地利用变化的重大影响相关的地区进口的大豆，森林砍伐,碳排放,生物多样性的丧失。“精加工”猪生产阶段对这些环境影响的贡献最大，由于消耗的饲料量，饲料的利用效率，以及在此阶段产生的粪便量。因此，根据定义，任何重大改进养猪系统的环境影响都将来自饲料生产和粪肥管理的变化。在本文中,我们考虑在这些养猪系统组件中实现系统环境可持续性的潜在解决方案，以及阻碍它们以预期的速度和规模有效实施的瓶颈。例子包括寻找大豆的替代蛋白质来源，猪遗传改良的限制（感知的或真实的），以及替代粪肥管理策略的实施，例如通过厌氧消化生产沼气。审查确定并讨论了未来努力可以关注的领域，为了进一步深入了解各种清管器系统组件修改的潜在可持续性益处，以及在考虑联合实施多种解决方案时，与协同和拮抗效应相关的环境-经济-社会支柱之间的关键可持续性权衡。这样,该审查展开了讨论，以促进猪场管理的整体决策支持工具的开发，这些工具考虑了“饲料*动物*粪便”系统组件之间的相互作用以及可持续性优先事项之间的权衡(例如，养猪系统的环境绩效与经济绩效；福利改善与环境影响)。
