PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
The World Health Organization (WHO) has published criteria for determining the quality of drinking water since 1958. Since 1984, these criteria were termed \"guidelines\" to emphasize that they are not national standards, but rather guidelines for nations to develop their own national standards, which may take into account local environmental, social, economic, and cultural conditions. When calculating guideline values (GVs), the WHO reviews the toxicological literature, calculates a health-based value (HBV), and determines whether the HBV should be adopted as a GV. The WHO also considers aesthetic aspects of drinking water quality, such as taste and the staining of plumbing fixtures, and additionally supplies aesthetic values (AVs) for certain drinking water contaminants. There is no central registry for national drinking water standards, so the degree of variation of national drinking water standards is not known.
We examined standards, guidelines, and background documents for all inorganic contaminants published by the WHO from 1958-2022. We also searched for national drinking water standards for all independent countries.
We found the WHO currently has 16 GVs, six HBVs without GVs, and six AVs without HBVs or GVs for inorganic drinking water contaminants, excluding disinfection agents and their byproducts. More than half of the point of departure studies used to support these values were published in 2005 or earlier. Ninety-eight percent of the world\'s population lives in jurisdictions with drinking water standards, and 14 countries directly link their national standards to the current WHO\'s drinking water guidelines. Lack of transparency (standards available only through purchase) and typographical errors are common problems, especially for resource-limited countries.
The WHO drinking water guidelines are crucially important for drinking water safety; they are used for guidance or as official standards throughout the world. It is crucial that they be based on the best available science.
We examined standards, guidelines, and background documents for all inorganic contaminants published by the WHO from 1958-2022. We also searched for national drinking water standards for all independent countries.
We found the WHO currently has 16 GVs, six HBVs without GVs, and six AVs without HBVs or GVs for inorganic drinking water contaminants, excluding disinfection agents and their byproducts. More than half of the point of departure studies used to support these values were published in 2005 or earlier. Ninety-eight percent of the world\'s population lives in jurisdictions with drinking water standards, and 14 countries directly link their national standards to the current WHO\'s drinking water guidelines. Lack of transparency (standards available only through purchase) and typographical errors are common problems, especially for resource-limited countries.
The WHO drinking water guidelines are crucially important for drinking water safety; they are used for guidance or as official standards throughout the world. It is crucial that they be based on the best available science.
摘要：
背景：世界卫生组织（WHO）自1958年以来就发布了确定饮用水质量的标准。自1984年以来，这些标准被称为“准则”，以强调它们不是国家标准，而是各国制定自己的国家标准的指导方针，这可能会考虑到当地的环境，社会,经济,和文化条件。计算指导值(GVs)时，世卫组织审查了毒理学文献，计算基于健康的值（HBV），并确定HBV是否应作为GV。世卫组织还考虑了饮用水质量的美学方面，如味道和管道装置的染色，并为某些饮用水污染物提供美学价值(AV)。国家饮用水标准没有中央登记处,因此，国家饮用水标准的变化程度尚不清楚。
方法：我们检查了标准，指导方针,以及世界卫生组织1958-2022年发布的所有无机污染物的背景文件。我们还搜索了所有独立国家的国家饮用水标准。
结果：我们发现世界卫生组织目前有16个GV，六个没有GV的HBV，和六个无HBV或GV无机饮用水污染物的AV，不包括消毒剂及其副产品。用于支持这些值的出发点研究的一半以上是在2005年或更早发表的。世界上百分之九十八的人口生活在饮用水标准的司法管辖区，14个国家将其国家标准与现行的世卫组织饮用水指南直接联系起来。缺乏透明度(标准只能通过购买)和印刷错误是常见的问题，特别是资源有限的国家。
结论：世卫组织饮用水指南对饮用水安全至关重要；它们被用于指导或作为世界各地的官方标准。至关重要的是，它们必须基于现有的最佳科学。
方法：我们检查了标准，指导方针,以及世界卫生组织1958-2022年发布的所有无机污染物的背景文件。我们还搜索了所有独立国家的国家饮用水标准。
结果：我们发现世界卫生组织目前有16个GV，六个没有GV的HBV，和六个无HBV或GV无机饮用水污染物的AV，不包括消毒剂及其副产品。用于支持这些值的出发点研究的一半以上是在2005年或更早发表的。世界上百分之九十八的人口生活在饮用水标准的司法管辖区，14个国家将其国家标准与现行的世卫组织饮用水指南直接联系起来。缺乏透明度(标准只能通过购买)和印刷错误是常见的问题，特别是资源有限的国家。
结论：世卫组织饮用水指南对饮用水安全至关重要；它们被用于指导或作为世界各地的官方标准。至关重要的是，它们必须基于现有的最佳科学。
