Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The fine visuomotor function is commonly impaired in several neurological conditions. However, there is a scarcity of reliable neuropsychological tools to assess such a critical domain.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to explore the psychometric properties and provide normative data for the Visual-Motor Speed and Precision Test (VMSPT).
RESULTS: Our normative sample included 220 participants (130 females) aged 18-86 years (mean education = 15.24 years, SD = 3.98). Results showed that raw VMSPT scores were affected by higher age and lower education. No effect of sex or handedness was shown. Age- and education-based norms were provided. VMSPT exhibited weak-to-strong correlations with well-known neuropsychological tests, encompassing a wide range of cognitive domains of clinical relevance. By gradually intensifying the cognitive demands, the test becomes an indirect, performance-oriented measure of executive functioning. Finally, VMSPT seems proficient in capturing the speed-accuracy trade-off typically observed in the aging population.
CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes the initial standardization of a versatile, time-efficient, and cost-effective neuropsychological tool for assessing fine visuomotor coordination. We propose renaming the VMSPT as the more approachable \"Little Circles Test\" (LCT).
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to explore the psychometric properties and provide normative data for the Visual-Motor Speed and Precision Test (VMSPT).
RESULTS: Our normative sample included 220 participants (130 females) aged 18-86 years (mean education = 15.24 years, SD = 3.98). Results showed that raw VMSPT scores were affected by higher age and lower education. No effect of sex or handedness was shown. Age- and education-based norms were provided. VMSPT exhibited weak-to-strong correlations with well-known neuropsychological tests, encompassing a wide range of cognitive domains of clinical relevance. By gradually intensifying the cognitive demands, the test becomes an indirect, performance-oriented measure of executive functioning. Finally, VMSPT seems proficient in capturing the speed-accuracy trade-off typically observed in the aging population.
CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes the initial standardization of a versatile, time-efficient, and cost-effective neuropsychological tool for assessing fine visuomotor coordination. We propose renaming the VMSPT as the more approachable \"Little Circles Test\" (LCT).
摘要：
背景：在几种神经系统疾病中，精细的视觉运动功能通常受损。然而,缺乏可靠的神经心理学工具来评估这样一个关键领域。
目的：本研究的目的是探索心理测量特性，并为视觉运动速度和精度测试（VMSPT）提供规范数据。
结果：我们的规范样本包括220名18-86岁的参与者（130名女性）（平均受教育程度=15.24岁，SD=3.98)。结果显示，原始VMSPT得分受年龄较高和受教育程度较低的影响。没有显示性别或惯用手的影响。提供了基于年龄和教育的规范。VMSPT与众所周知的神经心理学测试表现出弱到强的相关性，涵盖广泛的临床相关认知领域。通过逐渐强化认知需求，测试变成了间接的，以绩效为导向的执行功能衡量标准。最后,VMSPT似乎精通捕获通常在老龄化人口中观察到的速度-准确性权衡。
结论：这项研究提出了通用的初始标准化，省时，和具有成本效益的神经心理学工具，用于评估精细的视觉运动协调。我们建议将VMSPT重命名为更容易接近的“小圈子测试”(LCT)。
目的：本研究的目的是探索心理测量特性，并为视觉运动速度和精度测试（VMSPT）提供规范数据。
结果：我们的规范样本包括220名18-86岁的参与者（130名女性）（平均受教育程度=15.24岁，SD=3.98)。结果显示，原始VMSPT得分受年龄较高和受教育程度较低的影响。没有显示性别或惯用手的影响。提供了基于年龄和教育的规范。VMSPT与众所周知的神经心理学测试表现出弱到强的相关性，涵盖广泛的临床相关认知领域。通过逐渐强化认知需求，测试变成了间接的，以绩效为导向的执行功能衡量标准。最后,VMSPT似乎精通捕获通常在老龄化人口中观察到的速度-准确性权衡。
结论：这项研究提出了通用的初始标准化，省时，和具有成本效益的神经心理学工具，用于评估精细的视觉运动协调。我们建议将VMSPT重命名为更容易接近的“小圈子测试”(LCT)。
