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Abstract：
Oriental theileriosis, a disease primarily impacting cattle is caused by an apicomplexan hemoprotozoan parasite, Theileria orientalis. It has now become established in the Australasia region. The organism was long considered a benign cause of persistent infections; however, an increase in clinical outbreaks since 2006 in the eastern Australian states and New Zealand was associated with the identification of the pathogenic Ikeda (Type 2) and Chitose (Type 1) genotypes. Unlike the pathogenic T. parva and T. annulate, which target leucocytes, clinical manifestation with T. orientalis is due to its effects on erythrocytes, with the infection sometimes designated as Theileria associated bovine anemia (TABA). In Australia and New Zealand, the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis is the principal vector, though other Haemaphysalis species are also likely vectors. The endemic status of infection with pathogenic genotypes in areas with low or absent tick populations is an apparent paradox that may be attributable to alternative modes of transmission, such as mechanical transmission by hematophagous insects (lice, mosquitoes, and biting flies), vertical transmission, and transmission via iatrogenic means. This review addresses the evidence for the different modes of transmission of T. orientalis with particular focus on the reported and potential vectors in Australasia.
摘要：
东方theileriosis，一种主要影响牛的疾病是由顶复体疟原虫引起的，东方TheileriaOrientalis.它现在已经在澳大拉西亚地区建立。该生物长期以来被认为是持续感染的良性原因；然而，自2006年以来,澳大利亚东部各州和新西兰的临床疫情增加与致病性Ikeda(2型)和Chitose(1型)基因型的鉴定相关.与致病性T.parva和T.环状不同，靶向白细胞，其临床表现是由于其对红细胞的影响，感染有时被称为Theileria相关性牛贫血（TABA）。在澳大利亚和新西兰，壁虱是主要的媒介，尽管其他血友病物种也可能是载体。在蜱种群数量较低或不存在的地区，致病性基因型感染的流行状况是一个明显的悖论，可能归因于其他传播方式，例如吸血昆虫(虱子，蚊子,和叮咬苍蝇)，垂直传动,通过医源性手段传播。这篇评论讨论了东方毛虫不同传播方式的证据，特别关注了澳大利亚已报告和潜在的媒介。
