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Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in the intake of key food groups among Iranian adults between 2005 and 2016, overall, and according to sociodemographic characteristics.
METHODS: Repeat cross-sectional data from the Iran-STEPwise approach to risk factor surveillance (Iran-WHO STEPS) 2005-2016 were analysed. Regression analyses were used to evaluate trends in the frequency of fruits, vegetables and fish intake and type of oil used over time. Interactions by sex, age and area of residence were examined.
METHODS: Iran.
METHODS: 225 221 Iranian adults.
RESULTS: The frequency of vegetables (β: -0·03; 95 % CI (-0·06, -0·00); P-trend = 0·030) and fish (β: -0·09; 95 % CI (-0·10, -0·08); P-trend < 0·001) intake and use of solid fat (OR: 0·70; 95 % CI (0·70, 0·72); P-trend < 0·001) declined, whilst the frequency of fruit intake (β-Coeff: 0·03, 95 % CI (0·01, 0·05); P-trend = 0·014) and liquid oil use (OR: 1·40; 95 % CI (1·3, 1·4); P-trend<0·001) rose. Rising trends in fruit intake were larger in mid-aged (40-60 years) and older (>60 years) adults (P-interaction < 0·001), whilst declines in vegetable (P-interaction < 0·001) and fish intake (P-interaction = 0·001) were larger in older adults. The declining use of solid fat was strongest in middle-aged and older adults (P-interaction = 0·035), while the increasing use of liquid oil was strongest in rural areas (P-interaction = 0·011).
CONCLUSIONS: During the nutrition transition, liquid oil use and the frequency of fruit intake rose, while the frequency of vegetables and fish intake declined. Nonetheless, the fatty acid composition and cooking methods are important considerations. The changes observed are concerning from a public health perspective and demonstrate the need for interventions and possible targets for tailored strategies.
METHODS: Repeat cross-sectional data from the Iran-STEPwise approach to risk factor surveillance (Iran-WHO STEPS) 2005-2016 were analysed. Regression analyses were used to evaluate trends in the frequency of fruits, vegetables and fish intake and type of oil used over time. Interactions by sex, age and area of residence were examined.
METHODS: Iran.
METHODS: 225 221 Iranian adults.
RESULTS: The frequency of vegetables (β: -0·03; 95 % CI (-0·06, -0·00); P-trend = 0·030) and fish (β: -0·09; 95 % CI (-0·10, -0·08); P-trend < 0·001) intake and use of solid fat (OR: 0·70; 95 % CI (0·70, 0·72); P-trend < 0·001) declined, whilst the frequency of fruit intake (β-Coeff: 0·03, 95 % CI (0·01, 0·05); P-trend = 0·014) and liquid oil use (OR: 1·40; 95 % CI (1·3, 1·4); P-trend<0·001) rose. Rising trends in fruit intake were larger in mid-aged (40-60 years) and older (>60 years) adults (P-interaction < 0·001), whilst declines in vegetable (P-interaction < 0·001) and fish intake (P-interaction = 0·001) were larger in older adults. The declining use of solid fat was strongest in middle-aged and older adults (P-interaction = 0·035), while the increasing use of liquid oil was strongest in rural areas (P-interaction = 0·011).
CONCLUSIONS: During the nutrition transition, liquid oil use and the frequency of fruit intake rose, while the frequency of vegetables and fish intake declined. Nonetheless, the fatty acid composition and cooking methods are important considerations. The changes observed are concerning from a public health perspective and demonstrate the need for interventions and possible targets for tailored strategies.
摘要：
目标：研究2005年至2016年伊朗成年人主要食物类别的摄入趋势，根据社会人口特征。
方法：重复分析2005-2016年伊朗-STEPwise危险因素监测方法（伊朗-WHOSTEPS）的横截面数据。回归分析用于评估水果频率的趋势，随着时间的推移，蔬菜和鱼类的摄入量以及使用的油的类型。性别互动，年龄和居住面积进行了检查。
方法：伊朗。
方法：225,221名伊朗成年人。
结果：蔬菜（β：-0.03；95％CI：-0.06，-0.00；P趋势=0.030）和鱼类（β：-0.09；95％CI：-0.10，-0.08；P趋势<0.001）摄入和使用固体脂肪（OR：0.70；95％CI：0.72；P趋势<0.001）的频率下降，水果摄入频率(β-Coeff:0.03,95%CI:0.01,0.05;P趋势=0.014)和液体油用量(OR:1.40;95%CI:1.3,1.4;P趋势<0.001)上升。中年人（40-60岁）和老年人（>60岁）的水果摄入量上升趋势更大（P交互作用<0.001），而老年人蔬菜（P-交互作用<0.001）和鱼类摄入量（P-交互作用=0.001）的下降幅度更大。在中老年人中，固体脂肪的使用下降最为明显（P-交互作用=0.035），而在农村地区，液体油的使用增加最为强烈（P-交互作用=0.011）。
结论：在营养过渡期间，液体油的使用和水果摄入的频率上升，而蔬菜和鱼的摄入频率下降。尽管如此，脂肪酸组成和烹饪方法是重要的考虑因素。从公共卫生的角度来看，观察到的变化令人担忧，并表明需要干预措施和定制战略的可能目标。
方法：重复分析2005-2016年伊朗-STEPwise危险因素监测方法（伊朗-WHOSTEPS）的横截面数据。回归分析用于评估水果频率的趋势，随着时间的推移，蔬菜和鱼类的摄入量以及使用的油的类型。性别互动，年龄和居住面积进行了检查。
方法：伊朗。
方法：225,221名伊朗成年人。
结果：蔬菜（β：-0.03；95％CI：-0.06，-0.00；P趋势=0.030）和鱼类（β：-0.09；95％CI：-0.10，-0.08；P趋势<0.001）摄入和使用固体脂肪（OR：0.70；95％CI：0.72；P趋势<0.001）的频率下降，水果摄入频率(β-Coeff:0.03,95%CI:0.01,0.05;P趋势=0.014)和液体油用量(OR:1.40;95%CI:1.3,1.4;P趋势<0.001)上升。中年人（40-60岁）和老年人（>60岁）的水果摄入量上升趋势更大（P交互作用<0.001），而老年人蔬菜（P-交互作用<0.001）和鱼类摄入量（P-交互作用=0.001）的下降幅度更大。在中老年人中，固体脂肪的使用下降最为明显（P-交互作用=0.035），而在农村地区，液体油的使用增加最为强烈（P-交互作用=0.011）。
结论：在营养过渡期间，液体油的使用和水果摄入的频率上升，而蔬菜和鱼的摄入频率下降。尽管如此，脂肪酸组成和烹饪方法是重要的考虑因素。从公共卫生的角度来看，观察到的变化令人担忧，并表明需要干预措施和定制战略的可能目标。
