Abstract：
Applied pesticides end up in non-target environments as complex mixtures. When bioavailable, these chemicals pose a threat to living organisms and can induce oxidative stress (OS). In this article, attention is paid to OS and the physiological role of the antioxidant defense system. South African and international literature was reviewed to provide extensive evidence of pesticide-induced OS in non-target organisms, in vivo and in vitro. Although in vitro approaches are used internationally, South African studies have only used in vivo methods. Considering ethical implications, the authors support the use of in vitro bioassays to screen environmental matrices for their OS potential. Since OS responses are initiated and measurable at lower cellular concentrations compared to other toxicity endpoints, in vitro OS bioassays could be used as an early warning sign for the presence of chemical mixtures in non-target environments. Areas of concern in the country could be identified and prioritized without using animal models. The authors conclude that it will be worthwhile for South Africa to include in vitro OS bioassays as part of a battery of tests to screen environmental matrices for biological effects. This will facilitate the development and implementation of biomonitoring programs to safeguard the South African environment.
摘要：
施用的农药最终以复杂的混合物形式出现在非目标环境中。当生物可利用时，这些化学物质对活生物体构成威胁，并可诱导氧化应激（OS）。在这篇文章中,注意OS和抗氧化防御系统的生理作用。对南非和国际文献进行了综述，以提供农药在非靶标生物中诱导OS的广泛证据。体内和体外。尽管国际上使用了体外方法，南非的研究仅使用体内方法。考虑到伦理影响，作者支持使用体外生物测定法筛选环境基质的OS潜力.由于OS反应是在与其他毒性终点相比的较低细胞浓度下启动和可测量的，体外OS生物测定可用作非目标环境中化学混合物存在的预警信号。可以在不使用动物模型的情况下确定该国关注的领域并确定其优先顺序。作者得出结论，南非值得将体外OS生物测定作为一系列测试的一部分，以筛选环境基质的生物学效应。这将促进制定和实施生物监测计划，以保护南非环境。
