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Abstract：
Spasticity, characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone and exaggerated reflexes, is a common complication in individuals with upper motor neuron syndrome, such as stroke survivors. Sensitization, the heightened responsiveness of the nervous system to sensory stimuli, has emerged as a potential cause of spasticity. This perspective article explores three emerging treatments targeting sensitization. Recent studies have investigated novel treatment modalities for spasticity, including Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT), repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS), and needling. ESWT has shown promising results in reducing spasticity in both the upper and lower extremities, potentially through mechanisms such as nitric oxide production, rheological property changes, and neuromuscular transmission dysfunction. rPMS offers a non-invasive approach that may reduce spasticity by increasing sensory input, enhancing cortical activation, and exerting tissue-softening effects. Needling has also demonstrated positive effects on spasticity reduction. The high heterogeneity observed indicates the need for more rigorous research to confirm these findings. Recently, mechanical needling and sterile water injection invented by the author is also promising for reducing spasticity through removing sensitization. In conclusion, the emerging treatment options discussed in this perspective article provide promising avenues for addressing sensitization in spasticity and improving motor function. However, further research is needed to validate their findings, optimize treatment protocols, and investigate their long-term effects on motor recovery and overall quality of life in individuals with spasticity.
摘要：
痉挛,其特征是肌肉张力的速度依赖性增加和过度的反射，是上运动神经元综合征患者的常见并发症，比如中风幸存者。Sensitization,神经系统对感官刺激的反应增强，已经成为痉挛的潜在原因。这篇透视文章探讨了三种针对致敏的新兴治疗方法。最近的研究已经调查了痉挛的新治疗方式，包括体外冲击波疗法（ESWT），重复外周磁刺激（rPMS），和针刺。ESWT在减少上肢和下肢痉挛方面显示出有希望的结果，可能通过一氧化氮产生等机制，流变性质变化，和神经肌肉传递功能障碍。rPMS提供了一种非侵入性的方法，可以通过增加感觉输入来减少痉挛，增强皮层激活，并发挥组织软化作用。针刺也显示了对减少痉挛的积极作用。观察到的高度异质性表明需要更严格的研究来证实这些发现。最近,作者发明的机械针刺和无菌水注射也有望通过消除敏化来减少痉挛。总之,本文讨论的新兴治疗方案为解决痉挛敏化和改善运动功能提供了有希望的途径.然而,需要进一步的研究来验证他们的发现，优化治疗方案，并研究其对痉挛患者运动恢复和整体生活质量的长期影响。
