Abstract：
Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance.
摘要：
■生物性别是运动表现的主要决定因素，因为性染色体和性激素决定了解剖学和生理学的基本性别差异。成年男子通常更强壮，更强大,并且比年龄和培训状况相似的女性更快。因此，对于依靠耐力的体育赛事和运动，肌肉力量,速度,和权力,根据事件的要求，男性的表现通常比女性高10％-30％。这些性别差异的表现随着青春期的开始而出现，并且与内源性类固醇激素的增加相吻合，特别是男性的睾丸激素，到成年时增加了30倍，但女性仍然很低。这项共识声明的主要目标是为运动表现的性别差异提供最新的科学知识和机制。这篇评论强调了男性和女性在解剖学和生理学上的差异，这是运动表现和运动训练中性别差异的主要决定因素，以及性类固醇激素（特别是睾酮和雌二醇）的作用。我们还确定了影响性能性别差异的历史和非生理因素。最后,我们发现了运动表现和潜在机制的性别差异知识的差距，为高影响力研究提供大量机会。缩小知识差距的一个重要步骤是在机械研究中包括更多和公平的女性人数，以确定任何性别差异，以应对急性运动。运动训练,和运动表现。
