PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Influenza vaccines are designed to mimic natural influenza virus exposure and stimulate a long-lasting immune response to future infections. The evolving nature of the influenza virus makes vaccination an important and efficacious strategy to reduce healthcare-related complications of influenza. Several lines of evidence indicate that influenza vaccination may induce nonspecific effects, also referred to as heterologous or pleiotropic effects, that go beyond protection against infection. Different explanations are proposed, including the upregulation and downregulation of cytokines and epigenetic reprogramming in monocytes and natural killer cells, imprinting an immunological memory in the innate immune system, a phenomenon termed \"trained immunity\". Also, cross-reactivity between related stimuli and bystander activation, which entails activation of B and T lymphocytes without specific recognition of antigens, may play a role. In this review, we will discuss the possible nonspecific effects of influenza vaccination in cardiovascular disease, type 1 diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer\'s disease, future research questions, and potential implications. A discussion of the potential effects on infections by other pathogens is beyond the scope of this review.
摘要：
流感疫苗旨在模拟自然流感病毒暴露，并刺激对未来感染的持久免疫反应。流感病毒的不断发展的性质使疫苗接种成为减少与医疗保健相关的流感并发症的重要且有效的策略。一些证据表明，流感疫苗接种可能会引起非特异性效应，也称为异源或多效性效应，超越了对感染的保护。提出了不同的解释，包括单核细胞和自然杀伤细胞中细胞因子的上调和下调以及表观遗传重编程，在先天免疫系统中留下免疫记忆，一种被称为“训练有素的免疫力”的现象。此外，相关刺激和旁观者激活之间的交叉反应性，这需要激活B和T淋巴细胞，而不需要特异性识别抗原，可以发挥作用。在这次审查中,我们将讨论流感疫苗接种对心血管疾病可能产生的非特异性影响，1型糖尿病,癌症,和老年痴呆症,未来的研究问题，和潜在的影响。关于其他病原体对感染的潜在影响的讨论超出了本综述的范围。
