PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Avocados are typically sold in unsanitary conditions at the retail markets in Ecuador, which can raise the risk of microbial contamination. These microorganisms could exhibit multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR), being a serious threat concern to human health. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the microbiota and its antibiotic resistance profile in avocado Guatemalan fruits (Persea nubigena var. guatemalensis), at ripe stage: immature, firm light green (ready to eat in 4 days), peel (AFPE) and pulp (AFPU), and mature intense green (ready to eat) peel (AMPE) and pulp (AMPU), to gain baseline information on the prevalence of MAR bacteria.
UNASSIGNED: Culture-independent (16S rRNA metagenomics) and culture-dependent approach (to detect specific indicator microorganisms) were used. Moreover, antibiotic susceptibility of selected target indicator bacteria was assessed providing information about the antibiotic resistance (AR) among the groups.
UNASSIGNED: Based on 16S rRNA gene metagenomic analysis, over 99.78% of reads were classified as bacteria in all samples. Shannon diversity index varies from 1.22 to 2.22, with the highest bacterial population assigned to AFPE samples (1327 species). The highest microbial counts of indicator Staphylococcus spp. (STAPHY), Enterobacter spp. (ENT), and Listeria spp. (LIST), were detected in AMPE samples. Thirty percent of the selected STAPHYs, and 20.91% of Enterobacter (ENT) clones were resistant to various classes of antibiotics. The MAR index varies between 0.25 to 0.88 and was clone-, and fruit ripe stage-dependent.
UNASSIGNED: The results indicated that ready to eat avocados contained detectable levels of MAR bacteria, including methicillin resistant (MR)-STAPHY, which may act as a potential vector for the spread of antibiotic resistance. To achieve the increase of the production and marketing of Fuerte cultivar in Ecuador, it is vitally important to consider valuable strategies to protect the fruits at the early ripe stage in future. Thus, it is crucial to set up efficient control measures and develop coordinated strategies to guarantee the microbiological quality of the food.
UNASSIGNED: Culture-independent (16S rRNA metagenomics) and culture-dependent approach (to detect specific indicator microorganisms) were used. Moreover, antibiotic susceptibility of selected target indicator bacteria was assessed providing information about the antibiotic resistance (AR) among the groups.
UNASSIGNED: Based on 16S rRNA gene metagenomic analysis, over 99.78% of reads were classified as bacteria in all samples. Shannon diversity index varies from 1.22 to 2.22, with the highest bacterial population assigned to AFPE samples (1327 species). The highest microbial counts of indicator Staphylococcus spp. (STAPHY), Enterobacter spp. (ENT), and Listeria spp. (LIST), were detected in AMPE samples. Thirty percent of the selected STAPHYs, and 20.91% of Enterobacter (ENT) clones were resistant to various classes of antibiotics. The MAR index varies between 0.25 to 0.88 and was clone-, and fruit ripe stage-dependent.
UNASSIGNED: The results indicated that ready to eat avocados contained detectable levels of MAR bacteria, including methicillin resistant (MR)-STAPHY, which may act as a potential vector for the spread of antibiotic resistance. To achieve the increase of the production and marketing of Fuerte cultivar in Ecuador, it is vitally important to consider valuable strategies to protect the fruits at the early ripe stage in future. Thus, it is crucial to set up efficient control measures and develop coordinated strategies to guarantee the microbiological quality of the food.
摘要：
在厄瓜多尔的零售市场，鳄梨通常在不卫生的条件下出售，这会增加微生物污染的风险。这些微生物可以表现出多抗生素抗性(MAR)，严重威胁人类健康。在这项研究中,我们旨在评估鳄梨危地马拉水果中的微生物群及其抗生素抗性谱（Perseanubigenavar.危地马拉)，在成熟阶段:不成熟，坚固的浅绿色（4天内即可食用），果皮（AFPE）和纸浆（AFPU），和成熟强烈的绿色（即食）果皮（AMPE）和果肉（AMPU），获得MAR细菌流行的基线信息。
■使用不依赖于培养的方法(16SrRNA宏基因组学)和依赖于培养的方法(以检测特定指示微生物)。此外，我们评估了选定的目标指示细菌的抗生素敏感性,提供了各组间抗生素耐药性(AR)的信息.
■基于16SrRNA基因宏基因组分析，在所有样本中，超过99.78%的读数被分类为细菌。Shannon多样性指数在1.22至2.22之间变化，AFPE样品中细菌数量最高（1327种）。指示葡萄球菌属的微生物计数最高。(纸片),肠杆菌属。(ENT),和李斯特菌。(LIST),在AMPE样品中检测到。百分之三十的选定的STAPHY，20.91％的肠杆菌（ENT）克隆对各种类别的抗生素具有抗性。MAR指数在0.25到0.88之间变化，并且是克隆-，和果实成熟阶段依赖。
■结果表明，即食鳄梨含有可检测水平的MAR细菌，包括耐甲氧西林（MR）-STAPHY，这可能是抗生素耐药性传播的潜在载体。为了实现厄瓜多尔Fuerte品种的生产和销售的增加，在未来的早期成熟阶段，考虑保护水果的有价值的策略至关重要。因此，建立有效的控制措施和制定协调策略以保证食品的微生物质量至关重要。
■使用不依赖于培养的方法(16SrRNA宏基因组学)和依赖于培养的方法(以检测特定指示微生物)。此外，我们评估了选定的目标指示细菌的抗生素敏感性,提供了各组间抗生素耐药性(AR)的信息.
■基于16SrRNA基因宏基因组分析，在所有样本中，超过99.78%的读数被分类为细菌。Shannon多样性指数在1.22至2.22之间变化，AFPE样品中细菌数量最高（1327种）。指示葡萄球菌属的微生物计数最高。(纸片),肠杆菌属。(ENT),和李斯特菌。(LIST),在AMPE样品中检测到。百分之三十的选定的STAPHY，20.91％的肠杆菌（ENT）克隆对各种类别的抗生素具有抗性。MAR指数在0.25到0.88之间变化，并且是克隆-，和果实成熟阶段依赖。
■结果表明，即食鳄梨含有可检测水平的MAR细菌，包括耐甲氧西林（MR）-STAPHY，这可能是抗生素耐药性传播的潜在载体。为了实现厄瓜多尔Fuerte品种的生产和销售的增加，在未来的早期成熟阶段，考虑保护水果的有价值的策略至关重要。因此，建立有效的控制措施和制定协调策略以保证食品的微生物质量至关重要。
