Abstract：
BACKGROUND: From menarche until menopause, the average menstruator will use over 11 000 tampons or sanitary pads. Vaginal and vulvar tissue is highly permeable, and chemicals are absorbed without undergoing first-pass metabolism.
OBJECTIVE: To conduct a review of the literature to determine exposure to environmental chemicals in menstrual products.
METHODS: This review identified 15 papers over the past 10 years.
METHODS: Papers that measured chemicals in menstrual products and that measured human biomarkers of chemical exposure were included. Papers had to also be available in English.
METHODS: Reviewers assessed the articles and data provided. Multiple chemical groups were found.
RESULTS: Phthalates, volatile organic compounds, parabens, environmental phenols, fragrance chemicals, dioxins and dioxin-like compounds were detected in menstrual products. Research gaps were identified, including the lack of studies on newer products such as menstrual underwear and cups/discs. In addition to measuring chemicals in these products, future research should focus on clarifying the exposure per menstrual cycle to these chemicals to understand how menorrhagia and cycle length influence exposure from menstrual products.
CONCLUSIONS: Menstrual products contained measurable levels of a range of endocrine disrupting chemicals including phthalates, phenols and parabens. This reflects a potentially important route of exposure to chemicals that can impact women\'s reproductive health.
OBJECTIVE: To conduct a review of the literature to determine exposure to environmental chemicals in menstrual products.
METHODS: This review identified 15 papers over the past 10 years.
METHODS: Papers that measured chemicals in menstrual products and that measured human biomarkers of chemical exposure were included. Papers had to also be available in English.
METHODS: Reviewers assessed the articles and data provided. Multiple chemical groups were found.
RESULTS: Phthalates, volatile organic compounds, parabens, environmental phenols, fragrance chemicals, dioxins and dioxin-like compounds were detected in menstrual products. Research gaps were identified, including the lack of studies on newer products such as menstrual underwear and cups/discs. In addition to measuring chemicals in these products, future research should focus on clarifying the exposure per menstrual cycle to these chemicals to understand how menorrhagia and cycle length influence exposure from menstrual products.
CONCLUSIONS: Menstrual products contained measurable levels of a range of endocrine disrupting chemicals including phthalates, phenols and parabens. This reflects a potentially important route of exposure to chemicals that can impact women\'s reproductive health.
摘要：
背景：从初潮到更年期，平均经产者将使用超过11000个卫生棉条或卫生巾。阴道和外阴组织具有高渗透性，化学物质被吸收而不经历首过代谢。
目的：对文献进行综述，以确定月经产品中对环境化学物质的暴露。
方法：这篇综述确定了过去10年的15篇论文。
方法：包括测量月经产品中化学物质和测量化学暴露的人类生物标志物的论文。论文也必须有英文版本。
方法：审稿人评估了所提供的文章和数据。发现了多个化学基团。
结果：邻苯二甲酸酯，挥发性有机化合物，对羟基苯甲酸酯,环境酚，香料化学品，在月经产品中检测到二恶英和二恶英类化合物。确定了研究空白，包括缺乏对月经内衣和杯子/圆盘等新产品的研究。除了测量这些产品中的化学物质，未来的研究应集中于阐明每个月经周期对这些化学物质的暴露,以了解月经过多和周期长度如何影响月经产品的暴露.
结论：月经产品含有一系列可测量水平的内分泌干扰化学物质，包括邻苯二甲酸盐，酚和对羟基苯甲酸酯。这反映了可能影响女性生殖健康的化学物质的潜在重要途径。
目的：对文献进行综述，以确定月经产品中对环境化学物质的暴露。
方法：这篇综述确定了过去10年的15篇论文。
方法：包括测量月经产品中化学物质和测量化学暴露的人类生物标志物的论文。论文也必须有英文版本。
方法：审稿人评估了所提供的文章和数据。发现了多个化学基团。
结果：邻苯二甲酸酯，挥发性有机化合物，对羟基苯甲酸酯,环境酚，香料化学品，在月经产品中检测到二恶英和二恶英类化合物。确定了研究空白，包括缺乏对月经内衣和杯子/圆盘等新产品的研究。除了测量这些产品中的化学物质，未来的研究应集中于阐明每个月经周期对这些化学物质的暴露,以了解月经过多和周期长度如何影响月经产品的暴露.
结论：月经产品含有一系列可测量水平的内分泌干扰化学物质，包括邻苯二甲酸盐，酚和对羟基苯甲酸酯。这反映了可能影响女性生殖健康的化学物质的潜在重要途径。
