Abstract：
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are also known as \"forever chemicals\" due to their persistence and ubiquitous environmental distribution. This review aims to summarize the global PFAS distribution in surface water and identify its ecological and human risks through integrated assessment. Moreover, it provides a holistic insight into the studies highlighting the human biomonitoring and toxicological screening of PFAS in freshwater and marine species using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) based models. Literature showed that PFOA and PFOS were the most prevalent chemicals found in surface water. The highest PFAS levels were reported in the US, China, and Australia. The TEST model showed relatively low LC50 of PFDA and PFOS for Pimephales promelas (0.36 and 0.91 mg/L) and high bioaccumulation factors (518 and 921), revealing an elevated associated toxicity. The risk quotients (RQs) values for P. promelas and Daphnia magna were found to be 269 and 23.7 for PFOS. Studies confirmed that long-chain PFAS such as PFOS and PFOA undergo bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms and induce toxicological effects such as oxidative stress, transgenerational epigenetic effects, disturbed genetic and enzymatic responses, perturbed immune system, hepatotoxicity, neurobehavioral toxicity, altered genetic and enzymatic responses, and metabolism abnormalities. Human biomonitoring studies found the highest PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS levels in urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum samples. Further, long-chain PFOA and PFOS exposure create severe health implications such as hyperuricemia, reduced birth weight, and immunotoxicity in humans. Molecular docking analysis revealed that short-chain PFBS (-11.84 Kcal/mol) and long-chain PFUnDA (-10.53 Kcal/mol) displayed the strongest binding interactions with human serum albumin protein. Lastly, research challenges and future perspectives for PFAS toxicological implications were also discussed, which helps to mitigate associated pollution and ecological risks.
摘要：
全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）由于其持久性和普遍存在的环境分布，也被称为“永久化学品”。本文旨在总结全球PFAS在地表水中的分布，并通过综合评估来识别其生态和人类风险。此外，它提供了对使用基于定量结构-活性关系（QSAR）的模型强调淡水和海洋物种中PFAS的人类生物监测和毒理学筛选的研究的整体见解。文献表明，全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛烷磺酸是地表水中最普遍的化学物质。据报道，美国的PFAS水平最高，中国,和澳大利亚。TEST模型显示PFDA和PFOS对Pimephalespromelas的LC50相对较低（0.36和0.91mg/L）和高生物累积因子（518和921），显示相关毒性升高。PFOS的风险商（RQs）值分别为269和23.7。研究证实，PFOS和PFOA等长链PFAS在水生生物中会发生生物累积，并引起氧化应激等毒理学效应。跨代表观遗传效应，干扰的遗传和酶反应，扰乱了免疫系统，肝毒性，神经行为毒性，改变了遗传和酶反应，和新陈代谢异常。人类生物监测研究发现全氟辛烷磺酸含量最高，PFOA,和尿液中的PFHxS水平，脑脊液,和血清样本.Further,长链全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸暴露会对健康造成严重影响，如高尿酸血症，降低出生体重,和人类的免疫毒性。分子对接分析表明，短链PFBS（-11.84Kcal/mol）和长链PFUnDA（-10.53Kcal/mol）显示出与人血清白蛋白蛋白的最强结合相互作用。最后,还讨论了PFAS毒理学影响的研究挑战和未来前景，这有助于减轻相关的污染和生态风险。
