Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to observe the anatomical distribution of gingival melanin pigmentation and evaluate its intensity and extent in different age groups and in correlation with skin and tooth shades.
METHODS: The participants of this study were 391 patients attending the Dental University Hospital. The presence of gingival pigmentation was assessed using De Krom\'s Oral Pigmentation Chart and its intensity was assessed using the Dummett-Gupta Oral Pigmentation Index. Skin colour and tooth shade were measured using the Fitzpatrick scale and the VITA classical shade guide, respectively. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and Pearson\'s Χ2 test for the association between the study variables.
RESULTS: The prevalence of gingival pigmentation among the sample size was 74.4%, and pigmentations were present on both arches in 57.6% (n = 224) of the participants. The extent (category 1) was highest when pigmentation was evident in both arches, with category 4 being the least extent. Age and sex did not show a correlation with gingival pigmentation. Gingival pigmentation intensity was mild when pigments were present in one arch (p < 0.00), whereas it was heavy when both arches presented with gingival pigmentation. Medium brown colour and tooth shade A1 were the most common among participants with gingival pigmentation (p < 0.00). The association between gingival pigmentation intensity and extent in relation to skin colour was statistically significant (p < 0.00), as was tooth shade (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Gingival pigmentation is highly prevalent in the Saudi population, with different severity and extent levels. The effect of gingival pigmentation on smile and overall facial aesthetics should be considered when providing dental and cosmetic treatments.
METHODS: The participants of this study were 391 patients attending the Dental University Hospital. The presence of gingival pigmentation was assessed using De Krom\'s Oral Pigmentation Chart and its intensity was assessed using the Dummett-Gupta Oral Pigmentation Index. Skin colour and tooth shade were measured using the Fitzpatrick scale and the VITA classical shade guide, respectively. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and Pearson\'s Χ2 test for the association between the study variables.
RESULTS: The prevalence of gingival pigmentation among the sample size was 74.4%, and pigmentations were present on both arches in 57.6% (n = 224) of the participants. The extent (category 1) was highest when pigmentation was evident in both arches, with category 4 being the least extent. Age and sex did not show a correlation with gingival pigmentation. Gingival pigmentation intensity was mild when pigments were present in one arch (p < 0.00), whereas it was heavy when both arches presented with gingival pigmentation. Medium brown colour and tooth shade A1 were the most common among participants with gingival pigmentation (p < 0.00). The association between gingival pigmentation intensity and extent in relation to skin colour was statistically significant (p < 0.00), as was tooth shade (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Gingival pigmentation is highly prevalent in the Saudi population, with different severity and extent levels. The effect of gingival pigmentation on smile and overall facial aesthetics should be considered when providing dental and cosmetic treatments.
摘要：
目的：本研究旨在观察牙龈黑色素沉着的解剖分布，并评估其在不同年龄组中的强度和程度以及与皮肤和牙齿色调的相关性。
方法：本研究的参与者是牙科大学医院的391名患者。使用DeKrom的口腔色素沉着图评估牙龈色素沉着的存在，并使用Dummett-Gupta口腔色素沉着指数评估其强度。使用Fitzpatrick量表和VITA经典阴影指南测量皮肤颜色和牙齿阴影，分别。统计分析包括描述性统计和研究变量之间的关联的皮尔逊χ2检验。
结果：样本中牙龈色素沉着的患病率为74.4%，57.6%(n=224)的参与者在两个拱门上都存在色素沉着。当色素沉着在两个拱门中都很明显时，程度（类别1）最高，第4类是最小的。年龄和性别与牙龈色素沉着无关。当一个牙弓中存在色素时，牙龈色素沉着强度较轻（p<0.00），而当两个牙弓都出现牙龈色素沉着时，它很重。中等棕色和牙齿阴影A1在牙龈色素沉着的参与者中最常见（p<0.00）。牙龈色素沉着强度和程度与皮肤颜色之间的关系具有统计学意义（p<0.00），牙齿阴影也是如此(p<0.05)。
结论：牙龈色素沉着在沙特人口中非常普遍，具有不同的严重程度和程度。在提供牙科和美容治疗时，应考虑牙龈色素沉着对微笑和整体面部美学的影响。
方法：本研究的参与者是牙科大学医院的391名患者。使用DeKrom的口腔色素沉着图评估牙龈色素沉着的存在，并使用Dummett-Gupta口腔色素沉着指数评估其强度。使用Fitzpatrick量表和VITA经典阴影指南测量皮肤颜色和牙齿阴影，分别。统计分析包括描述性统计和研究变量之间的关联的皮尔逊χ2检验。
结果：样本中牙龈色素沉着的患病率为74.4%，57.6%(n=224)的参与者在两个拱门上都存在色素沉着。当色素沉着在两个拱门中都很明显时，程度（类别1）最高，第4类是最小的。年龄和性别与牙龈色素沉着无关。当一个牙弓中存在色素时，牙龈色素沉着强度较轻（p<0.00），而当两个牙弓都出现牙龈色素沉着时，它很重。中等棕色和牙齿阴影A1在牙龈色素沉着的参与者中最常见（p<0.00）。牙龈色素沉着强度和程度与皮肤颜色之间的关系具有统计学意义（p<0.00），牙齿阴影也是如此(p<0.05)。
结论：牙龈色素沉着在沙特人口中非常普遍，具有不同的严重程度和程度。在提供牙科和美容治疗时，应考虑牙龈色素沉着对微笑和整体面部美学的影响。
