Abstract：
The three principles of reinforcement are (1) events such as incentives and reinforcers increase the activity of an organism; (2) that activity is bounded by competition from other responses; and (3) animals approach incentives and their signs, guided by their temporal and physical conditions, together called the \"contingencies of reinforcement.\" Mathematical models of each of these principles comprised mathematical principles of reinforcement (MPR; Killeen, 1994). Over the ensuing decades, MPR was extended to new experimental contexts. This article reviews the basic theory and its extensions to satiation, warm-up, extinction, sign tracking, pausing, and sequential control in progressive-ratio and multiple schedules. In the latter cases, a single equation balancing target and competing responses governs behavioral contrast and behavioral momentum. Momentum is intrinsic in the fundamental equations, as behavior unspools more slowly from highly aroused responses conditioned by higher rates of incitement than it does from responses from leaner contexts. Habits are responses that have accrued substantial behavioral momentum. Operant responses, being predictors of reinforcement, are approached by making them: The sight and feel of a paw on a lever is approached by placing paw on lever, as attempted for any sign of reinforcement. Behavior in concurrent schedules is governed by approach to momentarily richer patches (melioration). Applications of MPR in behavioral pharmacology and delay discounting are noted.
摘要：
强化的三个原则是：（1）诸如激励和增强剂之类的事件增加了有机体的活动；（2）活动受到来自其他反应的竞争的限制；（3）动物接近激励及其标志，以他们的时间和身体状况为指导，统称为“增援的意外情况”。“这些原理中的每一个的数学模型都包括强化的数学原理(MPR；Killeen，1994).在接下来的几十年里，MPR被扩展到新的实验环境。本文回顾了基本理论及其对满足的扩展，热身,灭绝,标志跟踪,暂停,累进比和多个时间表的顺序控制。在后一种情况下，单一方程平衡目标和竞争反应支配行为对比和行为动量。动量在基本方程中是固有的，由于受到较高的煽动率所制约的高度唤起的反应，其行为的缓解速度要比来自较精简环境的反应慢。习惯是积累了大量行为动量的反应。操作响应，作为强化的预测因子，通过制造它们来接近：通过将爪子放在杠杆上来接近杠杆上的爪子的视觉和感觉，试图加强任何迹象。并发计划中的行为受暂时更丰富的补丁程序（改进）的方法控制。注意到MPR在行为药理学和延迟折扣中的应用。
