Abstract：
This paper examines the effect of spectators on women\'s football games. COVID-19 and related restrictions provide a unique opportunity with an adequate sample size to test the effect of lockdown on sports activities. Studies have recently exploited this opportunity for men\'s football to better understand the potential causes of home advantage and, more specifically, assess the psychological consequences when matches are played without supporters. Despite the increased scientific interest, there was only one paper that focused on women\'s football. Therefore, we aim to contribute to this research field by considering matches from four major European women\'s football leagues. The findings suggest that for three of these leagues, lockdown has a statistically significant effect on the sanctioned yellow cards by either reducing the number of yellow cards sanctioned to the away teams or increasing the number of yellow cards sanctioned to the home teams. Nonetheless, lockdown does not affect any final match outcomes; therefore, it does not significantly affect the magnitude of home advantage for women\'s games.
摘要：
本文研究了观众对女子足球比赛的影响。COVID-19和相关限制提供了一个独特的机会，有足够的样本量来测试封锁对体育活动的影响。研究最近利用这个机会为男子足球更好地了解主场优势的潜在原因,更具体地说,评估在没有支持者的情况下进行比赛时的心理后果。尽管科学兴趣增加，只有一篇论文关注女子足球。因此,我们的目标是通过考虑来自四个主要欧洲女子足球联赛的比赛来为这一研究领域做出贡献。研究结果表明，对于其中三个联盟，封锁对被制裁的黄牌有统计上的显著影响，要么减少对客队制裁的黄牌数量，要么增加对主队制裁的黄牌数量。尽管如此，封锁不会影响任何最终比赛结果；因此，这对女子比赛主场优势的大小没有显著影响。
