PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Contrafreeloading (CFL) is a concept that describes the preference of an animal to work for food even when identical food is freely available, and reflects an intrinsic motivation to engage in foraging-related activities. However, altered brain neurochemistry, which can be induced by chronic exposure to a suboptimal living environment, may affect this intrinsic motivation in animals with abnormal repetitive behaviours (ARBs), including parrots with feather damaging behaviour. To determine whether this was the case, we evaluated CFL activity in healthy (n = 11) and feather damaging (n = 10) Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) by offering them a free choice to obtain identical food from a food bowl or from a foraging device. Differences in CFL activity were observed, with feather damaging Grey parrots displaying less CFL (as indicated by shorter foraging times and lower amounts of food consumed from the foraging devices) compared to healthy conspecifics, indicating altered \'motivation\' and time allocation, for which the underlying mechanism needs to be clarified further. Nevertheless, despite the variable level, all birds displayed CFL, which, together with a seemingly positive correlation between CFL activity and the plumage condition of the birds, suggests that parrots are intrinsically motivated to forage and highlights the importance of providing foraging opportunities to captive parrots.
摘要：
并行加载（CFL）是一个概念，描述了动物即使可以免费获得相同的食物也喜欢为食物工作，并反映了从事与觅食有关的活动的内在动机。然而,改变了脑神经化学，这可能是由长期暴露于次优的生活环境中引起的，可能会影响具有异常重复行为(ARB)的动物的这种内在动机，包括有羽毛破坏行为的鹦鹉。为了确定情况是否如此，我们通过为健康鹦鹉（Psittacuserithacus）提供自由选择，从食物碗或觅食装置中获取相同食物，从而评估了健康鹦鹉（n=11）和羽毛破坏性（n=10）的CFL活性。观察到CFL活性的差异，与健康的品种相比，对羽毛造成损害的灰鹦鹉表现出较少的CFL（如通过较短的觅食时间和较低的觅食量所指示的），指示改变的“动机”和时间分配，为此，需要进一步澄清潜在的机制。然而，尽管水平可变，所有鸟类都展示了CFL，which,CFL活性与鸟类羽毛状况之间似乎呈正相关，这表明鹦鹉本质上是觅食的动机，并强调了为圈养的鹦鹉提供觅食机会的重要性。
